The Lost Boy A Foster Child s Search For The Love Of A...

In 1997, David Pelzer wrote a book called, The Lost Boy: A Foster Child s Search for the Love of a Family. This was a book based on Pelzer s life during foster care. Pelzer was tormented and abused by his mother and couldn t stand living with her another second. However, Pelzer always questions himself, if it was his fault? Pelzer like any other child wanted a place he could call home. It took many adventures, mistakes, and a rebellious attitude to find it. With his past getting in the way, it made it very difficult for Pelzer to settle down because his mother always got in the way. Is Pelzer capable of putting his mothers differences aside? Was he ready to become a foster child? Because this was a journey of Pelzer s self discovery. David Pelzer s life took place in Daly City, California. In 1973, his prayers had been answered. In Pelzer last book, A Child Called It, the teachers from Thomas Edison Elementary School had questions the marks and bruises along his body. They had reported it and told the police officers. Pelzer was more excited then he had ever been; however, he did not realize what was in store for him. Over the years he had been in five foster homes from the age of twelve to eighteen. Once he got to the point that he was comfortable in a home it was time for him to move again. Many of the foster parents he had along the way had impacted his life in many ways. There was Rudy and Lilian Cantanze, Michael and Joanne Nulls, Jody and Vera Jones, John andShow MoreRelatedMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1388 Words   |  6 PagesKendall Smith Mrs. Payton 2: Lens 1st Draft 24 September 2014 Abraham Maslow was an American philosopher who was born in the early 1990 s in Brooklyn, New York. He was one of the leading theorists that promoted humanistic psychology during his era. Maslow sought to understand what motivates and inspires individuals. 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Organizational Behavior And Human Behavior - 1217 Words

Organizational behavior studies the impact of groups, individuals, and structures have on the personal human behavior within many organizations. There is many different definitions of organizational behavior, but they are all relatively the same in all cases. â€Å"Organizational behavior studies organizations from multiple viewpoints, including behavior within the organization and in relation to other organizations (Boundless.com).† This is not just the study on one organization, but the study within one organization as well as the organization affects other organizations. Organizations can vary in size and all have different outcomes inside the workplace. There are many reasons to study organizational behavior; one of the biggest reasons is to find out what is the best way for a company to operate. If you can pinpoint all of the bad habits a company has and can reverse them, then you will have a better performing company. Everyone company studies their organizational behavio r is some way. Calling out an employees and correcting their mistakes is one example. Organizational behavior is only a study on the field and not an actual group within an organization. Almost all actions of an individual can have either a positive or negative affect on a company. Anything from attitude to behavior reflected from the attitudes of people can affect the outcome of a problem. All behavior can have an effect on an organization. There are many different kinds of behavior types. Attitudes areShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture And Human Behavior1323 Words   |  6 Pagesframeworks in managing projects (Murthy, 2014). A major factor of a project’s success is the behavior of the employees. Employee behavior is influenced by organizational culture and leadership. 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Herman Melville (1432 words) Essay Example For Students

Herman Melville (1432 words) Essay Herman MelvilleI. Biographical Insights A. The culture this great author was a part of was the time in American history where inspiring works of literature began to emerge. It was also a time when American writers had not completely separated its literary heritage from Europe, partly because there were successful literary genius flourishing there. B. Herman Melville was born on August 1, 1819, he was the son of Allan and Maria Melville. During Hermans childhood he lived in the ?good? neighborhoods of New York City. In 1832 Herman suffered tragedy when his father died after trying to cope with the stress of debts and misfortunes. After a short time in a business house in New York City, Herman determined he needed to go to sea. He spent years traveling on a variety of ships, including whaling ships. C1.Melvilles perspective on life is that God created the universe with an infinite number of meanings and man is always trying to determine one specific meaning. D2.The ?lessons? that Melville is likely to weave into his writing are 1. An exposition on whales and the whaling industry. 2. A commentary on the universe and human destiny. 3. Thoughts about God and Nature. III. CharactersB. The protagonist in this book is Ishmael, a Christian, schoolteacher and part-time sailor. Ishmaels role in the hunt for ?Moby Dick? is to interpret what is happening. He discusses his reasons for going to sea and interprets and looks for understanding a number of reasons for any specific action where other characters only understand one reason. C. It is hard to say what changes take place in Ishmaels personality, since he is the narrator he doesnt talk about himself, he only talks about what he sees. D1.Ishmael befriends Queequeg who is a cannibal. Even though Queequeg is very ugly Ishmael sees that Queequeg has an honest heart, great honor, and a lot of courage. This friendship had a positive influence on Ishmaels behavior because it taught him not to judge on outward appearances. E2.Another relationship that was very short was the relationship between Ishmael and Captain Ahab. For the first few days aboard the Pequod Ishmael always saw Ahab in the shadows. When Ishmael finally saw Ahab he had shivers run through his body. Ishmael felt Ahabs attitude of determination, dedication and hatred towards ?Moby Dick? in Ahabs appearance. This relationship was a negative relationship because Ishmael now feared Ahab and did not want to become friends with such an evil person. F. The conflict that Ishmael experienced was that he saw how Ahab was such an evil man and that Ishmael was a good natured man and did not want to be corrupted by Ahab. To resolve this conflict Ishmael stayed away from Ahab. Representative Passage on Imagery and Figurative Language ?Yonder, by the ever-brimming goblets rim, the warm waves blush like wine. The gold brow plumbs the blue. The diver sun?long dived from noon,?goes down; my soul mounts up! she wearies with her endless hill. Is, then, the crown too heavy that I wear? this Iron Crown of Lombardy. Yet is it bright with many a gem; I, the wearer, see not its far flashings; but darkly fell that I wear that, that dazzlingly confounds. ?Tis iron?that I know?not gold. ?Tis split, too?that I feel; the jagged edge galls me so, my brain seems to beat against the solid metal.? Chapter LVA. The details being used to make us feel like we are watching a sunset is that it says ?the warm waves blush like wine. The gold brow plumbs the blue. The diver sun?long dived from noon,?goes down; my soul mounts up!?B. The similes the author uses are the comparison of the colored waves of the sunset to wine. I believe that when the author is talking about the ?Iron Crown of Lombardy? he is talking about the sun. When it says ?Is, then, the crown too heavy that I wear he is talking about the sunrise as the sun first starts ascending. I think that noon is where it is says ?Yet is it bright with many a gem; I, the wearer, see not its far flashings;?. I also think that Tis iron?that I know?not gold. ?Tis split, too?that I feel; the jagged edge galls me so, my brain seems to beat against the solid metal.? means he wants to take off the crown signifying sunset. .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba , .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba .postImageUrl , .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba , .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba:hover , .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba:visited , .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba:active { border:0!important; } .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba:active , .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0e8724f655b7dd8f5ed3e34c13e1f7ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Comparison of Two Documentaries EssayIV. Symbolism / AllusionsD. The objects that are representative of larger ideas are Moby Dick who is a symbol of all of the things in the universe. The color of the whale being white could mean so many different and conflicting things that it cant be narrowed down to one meaning. The coffin that was turned into a buoy that saved Ishmaels life could suggest that the meaning of any object lies in the beholder of the object not the object itself. The place that is a representative of a larger idea is the sea. The sea represents a mans life, it symbolizes the fears that a man must overcome in life in order to gain a fuller understanding o f life. B. The sea is a constant presence throughout the novel. As the sea is constantly in the background of the scene. C. References to previous literature are outlines on the Sperm Whale, but the literature he is referring to do not have name of the works only the names of the authors. ?I know of only four published outlines of the great Sperm Whale: Colnett, Huggins, Frederick Cuviers, and Beales.?E. Representative Passage on Tone and Authors Philosophy?What a pity they didnt stop up the chinks and the crannies though, and thrust in a little lint here and there. But its too late to make any improvements now. The universe is finished; the copestone is on, and the chips were carted off a million years ago.? Chapter IIA. The metaphors Melville is using indicates the condition of man and about mans uncertainty in the universe we live in. His tone is that of questioning man choosing his own destiny through his own actions. Melvilles attitude is that of Mans absolute insignificance in the universe. There is nothing Man can do to improve the present state of the universe once he has acted on his decision. F. Aspects of his philosophy which can be inferred is Mans continual struggle with himself in this universe. The vastness of the universe and mans place in it is difficult for the average man to comprehend. At best he can just figure out one meaning, but there could be more. I. EvaluationF. This novel has influenced my attitudes and beliefs on the destiny of man and has shown me that there is more than one view of every object. It showed me that I need to be open minded and examine things from more than one point of view before I judge the object. G. In this novel one of the authors goals was of indicating the condition of man and about mans uncertainty in the universe we live in. Melville also shows the reader about Mans absolute insignificance in the universe. H. I believe the author was very successful in achieving these goals. Herman did a great job of representing objects with things of deeper meaning. Throughout the book you are shown Mans insignificance in the universe by the relationship of the crew to the ocean. You are also shown of how a Mans decision once executed cant be changed, an example of that is when Captain Ahab throws the spear into Moby Dick. The spears rope got wrapped around Ahabs neck and when the whale dove Ahab went with it. There was nothing Ahab could do to escape. I. The topics in this novel are very true but an adventure loving reader will read this book and focus on what went on rather than what the novel was trying to say. This book could be significant to a reader who wants to know about Mans relation to the universe. The difference this novel will have on society is that it will help a person find their relation to the universe. .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d , .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d .postImageUrl , .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d , .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d:hover , .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d:visited , .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d:active { border:0!important; } .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d:active , .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5ec681de8c9fab618299e94ae715f61d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Family Traditions EssayBibliographyMelville, Herman. ?Moby Dick?, Spencer Press, Inc. 1936Webmaster Unknown. ?Herman Melville?, Internet. 10/01/96 Available WWW: http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/melville.htmlWebmaster Unknown. ?Moby Dick?, Internet. 10/01/96 Available WWW: http://www.compclass.com/~vincent/motor.city/mobydick.html

Definition of Marketing free essay sample

Marketing does not lend itself easily to definition, as there are numerous ways to define the term ‘marketing. ’ Marketing has had a long history of being associated and involved with advertising, promoting or selling, in other words persuading consumers to purchase their products, however, these aspects are just the basic and typical generalisation that are used when defining marketing. This essay will analyse various definitions of marketing and highlight how they are different. In the text book â€Å"Principles of Marketing† Kotler et al (2008, p. ) define marketing as ‘an activity, a set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large. ’ This definition of marketing presented in the textbook accurately describes marketing in today’s times. It broadens one’s understanding of marketing beyond that of advertising, promoting or selling, to that of other vital factors such as the production concept, the product, the selling concept and the marketing concept which are necessities for success in today’s times. Kotler et al, 2008). Figure 1. 8 gives a summary of the extended marketing mix:(Kotler et al, p,21, 2008) The academic journal article â€Å"The History of Marketing thought as reflected in the definitions of marketing† does not give a specific definition of marketing, however, Cooke, Rayburn and Ambercrombie (1992), examine the definition of marketing over the history, through four different viewpoints, and they are, Economic Utilities Viewpoint, Consumers Viewpoint, Societal Viewpoint and Managerial Viewpoint. To clarify this, Cooke, Rayburn and Ambercrombie (1992, p. 5-16) provide two simple definitions which combines the above viewpoints, ‘Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups get what they need and want through creating and exchanging products of value with others’ (Kotlers, Cited in Cooke, Rayburn and Ambercrombie, 1992, p15) and ‘Marketing is a process by which satisfactory exchanges of ideas, goods and services are managed from conception to final consumption’ (Cook, Cited in Cooke, Rayburn and Ambercrombie, 1992, p16) These Definitions which are presented through the four viewpoints, reflect on the 1985 AMA definition of Marketing. There is change of focus on the managerial process, not organizational which was emphasized above, and that these definitions are needed to change to reflect the changes in the Macro environment (Daroch et al, 2004) The second academic Journal article â€Å"the 2004 AMA definition of marketing and its relationship to a market orientation: An extension of Cooke, Rayburn, amp; Abercrombie (1992)† Daroch et al, (2004, p30) defines marketing as ‘an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. This definition of marketing takes on a very similar meaning to that which was described in the text book â€Å"Principles of Marketing,† it Highlights that marketing is an organizational factor and takes on an additional view point, which is the stakeholder. It also highlights the importance of managing relationships with both stakeholders and customers. Therefore this includes the importance of the fundamental mechanics of creating a product, compose a means of distribution, advertisement as well as the rate of consumption. (Daroch et al, 2004) The text book ‘Marketing a Practical Approach’ Rix (2007, p7) defines marketing as ‘a system of business activities aimed at achieving organizational goals by developing, pricing, distributing and promoting products, services and ideas that will satisfy customers wants’ This definition involves identifying customers who have particular needs or wants and then creating the goods or services to meet customers demands, and how they are better than other competitors (Rix, 2007) A real life of example of this definition being implemented is in a newspaper article, the daily telegraph reports how the NRL and state government will market the grand final week of the NRL competition in Sydney. Walters (2010) writes, ‘It admitted the NRL had to become more creative in promoting the biggest game of the year – and branding the final would be part of the plan. ’ In this case the David Gallop the NRL CEO has indentified the needs and wants of the customers and therefore implemented a weeklong festival to promote the final, and at the same time remain competitive with other football codes. (Walters, 2010) The definition which best reflects the concept of marketing is in the second academic journal ‘the 2004 AMA definition of marketing and its relationship to a market orientation: An extension of Cooke, Rayburn, amp; Abercrombie (1992)’ this definition best reflects marketing as it highlights that marketing is more than just methods of advertising or selling but a complete process for running and organising a business which can be known as the marketing concept. For a business to follow the marketing concept it must focus on customer orientation and that customers are the main priority to the way it considers it strategy and operations, and therefore guides the business in decision making. (Daroch et al, 2004). In summing up the above definitions all have similarities, and clearly shows that there is more to marketing then advertising, promoting and selling, and that there is much more thought needed to meet and carry out customers needs wants and demands.

Multilple Personality Disorders Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Multilple Personality Disorders Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) or Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) was first recognized in the 1700's but was not understood so therefore it was forgotten. Many cases show up in medical records through the years, but in 1905, Dr. Morton Prince wrote a book about MPD that is a foundation for the disorder. A few years after it was published Sigmund Freud dismissed the disorder and this dropped it from being discussed at any credible mental health meetings. Since then the disorder has been overlooked and misdiagnosed as either schizophrenia or psychosis. Many in the medical profession did not believe that a person could unknowingly have more than one personality or person inside one body, even after the in the 1950's Three Faces of Eve was published by two psychiatrist. In 1993, records showed that three to five thousand patients were being treated for MPD compared to the hundred cases reported ten years earlier. There is still as increase in the number of cases being reported as the scientific community learns more and more about the disease and the public is becoming more and more aware of this mental disorder. There are still many questions left unanswered about the disease, like Is it genetic? or Is a certain type of personality more vulnerable to the disorder? but many aspects of how people come by the disorder are already answered (Clark, 1993, p.17-19) MPD is commonly found in adults who were recurrently abused mentally, physically, emotionally, and/or sexually as young children, between birth to 8 years of age. The child uses a process called dissociation to remove him/herself from the abusive situation. Dissociation is when a child makes up an imaginary personality to take control of the mind and body while the child is being abused. The child can imagine many personalities but usually there is a personality for every feeling and or emotion that was involved during the abuse (BoyyM, 1998, p.1). As an adult, the abused child finds it hard to keep track of time and may have episodes of amnesia. Other symptoms that will appear in adults with MPD are depression, auditory and visual hallucinations (hearing voices) and suicidal thoughts. Another major symptom is when the adult has no recollection of their childhood. The adult with MPD has no idea they were abused as children and also unaware of the other personalities living inside of their head (Multiple Personality Disorder-fact sheet, 1996-99, p.1). Multiple Personality Disorder is when there is the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities, each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self(BoyyM, 1998, p.1). There can be anywhere from two to over a hundred different personalities. Usually each personality will fall into one of the following categories: core, host, protectors, internal self-helper, fragments, child members, preteen, teenager, adults, artistic/music, cross-gender, cross-colored, animal members, inanimate members (BoyyM, 1998, p. 2-3). The host personality is the person who is the multiple, this is the original personality, or the one that created the other personalities, but is unaware of them. The most common apparent identities are the child, persecutor, rescuer, and helper. The child is the identity that is under the age of twelve. They behave as children often sucking thumbs, twisting hair, like to eat cookies, throw tantru ms, and use child-like vocabulary. The Persecutor identity is the self-destructive identity that is violent and angry. Persecutor identities usually have a drug/alcohol problem and generally put the host at risk. The rescuer personality is usually devoid of emotion but logical, able, proficient, and responsible. The helper personality knows the most about the history of the multiple; they generally want to help everyone for the general good. The helper personality is the personality that is most helpful in therapy because they usually know about all the other identities (Clark, 1993, p.80-83). Subpersonalities are not only part of a person with MPD but they are also evident in emotionally normal persons as well. Although, in a normal person, he/she remembers when their subpersonality takes over, but in a MPD patient, the personality disconnects from the host that the host can not remember what happens. When a traumatic experience happens,

Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System For Financial Brokerage Accounting Essay Example

Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System For Financial Brokerage Accounting Essay Example Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System For Financial Brokerage Accounting Essay Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System For Financial Brokerage Accounting Essay Abstract- The modeling of fiscal systems continues to keep great involvement for non lone research workers but besides investors and policymakers. Many of the features of these systems, nevertheless, can non be adequately captured by traditional fiscal modeling attacks. Fiscal systems are complex, nonlinear, dynamically altering systems in which it is frequently hard to place mutualist variables and their values. Financial securities firm is concerned with put to deathing orders of purchasing and merchandising of certain sums of portions at the best possible monetary value. Many mathematical and algorithmic systems have been developed for this undertaking, nevertheless they can non look to get the better of a criterion volume based system. This paper proposes a new model for high frequence trading utilizing an intelligent fuzzy logic based impulse analysis system. The system was applied to securities firm of fiscal stocks, and tested against the criterion volume based securities firm system. The Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System has proven to surpass the traditional and standard systems that are used in the industry. Keywords ; Finacial securities firm ; fuzzed logic ; high frequence trading. Introduction It is good known that a chief insufficiency of much economic theory is that it postulates exact functional relationships between variables. On the other manus in fiscal clip series analysis, information points seldom lie precisely on consecutive lines or smooth maps. [ 7 ] suggests that trying to suit these nonlinear phenomena will present an unacceptable degree of instability in theoretical accounts. : As a consequence of this intractableness, research workers and investors are turning to unreal intelligence techniques to better inform their theoretical accounts, making determination support systems that can assist a human user better understand complex fiscal systems such as stock markets. Artificial intelligence systems in portfolio choice have been shown to hold a public presentation border over the human portfolio director and recent research suggests that attacks that incorporate unreal intelligence techniques are besides likely to surpass classical fiscal theoretical accounts [ 4 ] . Artificial intelligence attacks have late been normally adopted in fiscal modeling. Traditionally, stock market calculating methodological analysiss have been based on either cardinal or proficient analysis. Cardinal analysis efforts to find the intrinsic value of stocks based on extended macroeconomic informations, whereas proficient analysis relies on analyzing market activity, peculiarly historic monetary values and volume. Whilst there is much back uping research for both schemes in fiscal theory we focus on systems utilizing proficient methodological analysis as the subjective and complex nature of cardinal analysis means it has, to day of the month, received small attending in unreal intelligence research. Fuzzy logic was foremost introduced by [ 6 ] . It is a signifier of multivalent logic which, whilst retaining the deductive construction of classical symbolic logic, includes the construct of grade of truth. Rather than being either true or false, as in binary logic, statements in fuzzed logic have a rank map which defines a fuzzy set ( as opposed to a chip set in conventional set theory ) . Fuzzy logic is hence an ideal attack to jobs that require a representation that can cover with estimates, uncertainness and deficient information and it has been applied to spheres every bit diverse as pattern acknowledgment [ 10 ] , railroad control systems [ 2 ] and computing machine game design [ 11 ] . The regulation base and illation engine of a fuzzed system is comparable to that of the cognition base of an expert system. The application of fuzzed set theory in economic science was foremost presented by [ 12 ] and has since received much attending [ 3 ] Time series theoretical accounts were foremost combined with fuzzed theory by [ 5 ] giving rise to fuzzy time-series, the cardinal model of all the investing systems. Research workers making stock trading systems have implemented many fluctuations of this theoretical account. Most late, [ 1 ] has proposed the usage of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems ( ANFIS ) , which combine the prognostic belongingss of nervous webs, with the concluding mechanisms of fuzzed logic to make an machine-controlled trading and prediction system that has been used for high frequence trading of foreign exchange currencies markets ( FOREX ) . This paper is outlined as follows. In subdivision II we give a general overview about fuzzed logic illation systems. Section III introduces the fuzzed logic impulse analysis system ( FL-MAS ) . Section IV explains the methodological analysis of utilizing FL-MAS for securities firm. Section V provides a public presentation analysis of the system. Finally, reasoning comments are given in Section VI. Fuzzy illation Systems Many types of fuzzed illation systems have been proposed in literature, nevertheless, in the execution of an ANFIS for fiscal anticipations and appraisal, the most suited theoretical account is the Sugeno theoretical account, which uses if-then-rules to bring forth an end product for each regulation which is the additive combination of the input variables plus a changeless term, and the concluding end product is the leaden norm of each regulation s end product. The regulation base in the Sugeno Model, has regulations of the signifier: If X is A1 and Y is B1 so f1 = p1* x + q1* y + r1 If X is A2 and Y is B2 so f2 = p2 * x + q2 * y + r2 ( 1 ) where X A ; Y are predefined rank maps, Ai and Bi are rank values, and pi, chi, and Rhode Island are the attendant parametric quantities that are updated in the forward base on balls in the acquisition algorithm. When we calculate the equation of First order Sugeno the grade of rank variable of X1 in rank map of Ai is multiplied by the grade of rank variable of X2 in rank map Bi and the merchandise is deemed a first Liner Regression Weight ( Wi ) . Finally the leaden mean F1 and F2 is deemed the concluding end product ( Z ) which is calculated as follows: A fuzzed illation systems shown in Fig. 1 is a regulation based fuzzy system that can be seen as an associatory memory and is made of five constituents ; regulation base which consists of the fuzzed if-then regulations, the informations base which defines rank maps of the fuzzed sets used in the fuzzy regulations, the determination devising unit which is the nucleus unit and is besides known as the illation engine, the fuzzification interface which transforms chip inputs into grades of fiting lingual values, and eventually the defuzzification interface which transforms fuzzed consequences into sharp end product [ 13 ] . Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System Making a fuzzed illation system to observe impulse is a complex undertaking. The designation of assorted market conditions has been a subject topic to assorted theories [ 14 ] and suggestions. This paper proposes a fuzzed illation system which categorises the market conditions into 7 classs based on monetary value motion, and will utilize the current volume to find the engagement rates ( PR ) of the trading system each clip. Fuzzy Inference Momentum Analysis The first measure in planing the Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System, FL-MAS, is specifying the market conditions that the fuzzy system has to place. In this paper we use the following 7 market conditions to cover all possible motions of the monetary value series: Beat uping Strong up Slightly up Average Slightly down Strong down Crashing These conditions are considered as lingual values for the fuzzy logic system, and will be used to find the current province of the monetary value formation and its impulse. As impulse is built up, the system looks at the old x sum of ticks and performs an illation process by adding all the motions of the current monetary value to the old monetary value to find whether the general tendency has been up or down after ten points. In other words, impulse is detected by the followers: where is the current monetary value, is the old monetary value, and is a fluctuating counter which goes up or down harmonizing to the motion of the monetary value. whenever monetary value goes up it adds 1, when the monetary value goes down it subtracts 1, therefore this can be used in placing market conditions for x sum of points, where if the market is traveling strongly upwards, it will be detected by holding more 1s than -1 or 0s. This can be explained in the undermentioned equation: ( 2 ) where is the period that we want to observe the impulse for. For illustration, if we want to observe the impulse of the last 100 ticks, we add all the up, down fluctuations and so feed the ensuing figure to the fuzzy system which would lie someplace in the rank maps shown in Fig. 2. Membership maps for the lingual variable of market conditions The same process is applied for ciphering the lingual variable volatility, where the lingual values are as follows: Very fast Fast Medium Decelerate Very slow The fuzzy logic system takes both market impulse and volatility in consideration ; it generates the regulations, and eventually takes a determination based upon the sum of market engagement. The Data Experiments in this paper have been carried out on high frequence tick-data of both Vodafone Group plc ( VOD ) and Nokia Corporation ( NOK ) . For both stocks, 2 months of high frequence tick-data between 2nd Jan 2009 and 27th Feb 2009 has been obtained, and split into 30 subdivisions each. This was done in order to avoid any car correlativity between the monetary values. In other words, the fuzzy logic system gets the first batch of informations, performs all the actions of bargains or sells on it, so the same is process repeated utilizing the criterion volume based system, eventually comparing the public presentation of both systems. Once the observation is obtained, the system skips about 10000 ticks and performs the same operations once more, for 30 times, each clip observing the public presentation of both systems. It has to be mentioned that 2 months of high frequence tick informations is a significantly big sum of informations, taking in consideration that for each loop the sy stem takes the analysis of the impulse of the past 100 ticks. Fig. 3 shows how the information is split after each simulation in order to avoid any possible similarities or autocorrelation in the monetary value. FL-MAS for securities firm tick informations discarded tick informations High frequence tick by tick informations Sim 1 Sim 2 Sim N The chief aim of the Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System ( FL-MAS ) implemented in this paper is to surpass the industry criterion volume system, that has been used by securities firm houses to put to death big orders of purchasing or selling a certain stock. Many systems have used quantum modeling and analysis to find the assorted engagement rates ( PR ) , nevertheless they normally fail to surpass the criterion volume system in the long term [ 15 ] . This paper uses FL-MAS presented in subdivision 3, to find the PR in the market harmonizing to the current impulse. In other words, if we are on a bargain order, we would prefer to increase the PR ( figure of portions bought at that clip ) , when the monetary value is low, and diminish the engagement when the monetary value is high. Tick informations splitting mechanism Standard Volume System ( SVS ) A standard securities firm mechanism for put to deathing big orders is a simple volume based system, which parses the volume being traded, whenever a certain sum of portions ( a threshold ) have been traded, the system would purchase or sell ( depending on the order ) a certain per centum of that. In other words, if there is an order to merchandise 1 million portions of a certain stock. The threshold would be for e.g. 10,000 portions, and whenever 10,000 portions have been traded, if the PR is set to 25 % , the system would purchase or sell 25 % of the mean volume. ( 3 ) where N is the figure of operations required to make the mark order for illustration 1 million portions, % is a fixed PR, for illustration, 25 % whenever the threshold is exceeded. The above system has proved to be efficient and is being adopted by many securities firm houses around the universe. The purpose of this paper, is to turn out that FL-MAS outperforms this type of system on the long tally. FL-MAS The thought here is to utilize the fuzzy logic impulse analysis system described in subdivision 3, to place what market status we are presently shacking in. This will let us to change the PR ( % ) . This provides an advantage, since the system can merchandise sharply when the status is at an extreme. It would besides understate its trading when the status is at another extreme. In other words, if we are selling million portions, the system will do a trade whenever the threshold of volume has been exceeded. However if the current market status indicates that the monetary value is really high or beat uping so we know that this is a good clip to sell a batch of portions, for illustration 40 % of the current volume. The same thing applies for when the impulse indicates that the monetary value is strong down which means that the system should sell less sums of volume at this low monetary value, for illustration 15 % . The contrary mechanism applies for purchasing portions. When the market is crashing, this is a good index that we should purchase a big ball of volume ( 40 % ) , and when the monetary value is at an mean point, this means that it would act like the SVS system i.e. purchasing 25 % of Volume. This is shown in Table 1. Engagement rates for buy side and the sell side of FL-MAS Market Condition Buying Praseodymium Selling Praseodymium Beat uping 10 % 40 % Strong up 15 % 35 % Slightly up 20 % 30 % Average 25 % 25 % Slightly down 30 % 20 % Strong down 35 % 15 % Crashing 40 % 10 % Performance Measures After implementing both SVS and FL-MAS, the standards at which both systems will be compared against each other will be the outperformance of FL-MAS on the SVS in footing points. TheA footing point is a unit of step used frequently to depict the per centum at which a alteration in the value or rate of a fiscal instrument has occurred. One footing point is a1/100th of a per centum orA 0.01 % . It is besides tantamount to 0.0001 in denary signifier. To cipher the betterment ( elf ) for the buy side in footing points we use the undermentioned expression: iˆ?iˆ?iˆÂ © For the Sell Side the betterment in footing points is: iˆ?iˆÂ µiˆÂ © Where is the entire cost of purchasing x sum of portions utilizing FL-MAS, and is the entire cost of purchasing the same figure of portions utilizing the traditional SVS. Consequences This subdivision displays the consequences of utilizing both FL-MAS and SVS to purchase 1million portions of VOD and NOK. For each symbol 30 simulations have been carried on the tick-data set described in subdivision 3. The information has been split as described in order to avoid any autocorrelations, both systems have been run and tested on the same information sets. Table 2 displays the cost at each simulation for purchasing 1million portions of NOK utilizing both systems. The mean monetary value of the whole set is besides displayed, and eventually the betterment of FL-MAS against SVS is displayed. This betterment rate can be either positive ; when FL-MAS has outperformed SVS or negative ; when FL-MAS was outperformed by SVS. Table 3 provides a full analysis of Table 2, by demoing clearly the mean outperformance rate of purchasing 1million portions of NOK utilizing FL-MAS, which turns out to be a positive of 2.98 footing points, which means that on mean utilizing FL-MAS we save about 3 footing points whenever we buy 1 million portion of NOK. Table 3 besides displays the consequences of implementing both systems to purchase 1 million portions of VOD. These consequences for VOD ( besides displayed on Fig.4 ) show a much higher mean of around 12.5 footing points. Experiments have been performed once more by reshuffling the information sets utilizing the informations slots that have non been used before, and the observations were really similar to these consequences. Hence another measuring mechanism was to detect the median of the consequences. The median is described as the figure dividing the higher half of a sample or distribution from the lower half. Both Medians for NOK, and VOD were positive, bespeakin g that on mean FL-MAS outperforms SVS for all the purchasing Simulations. Comparing the public presentation of FL-MAS against SVS for purchasing 1M portions of NOK Average Monetary value Cost of purchasing 1m NOK Shares utilizing FLMAS Cost of purchasing 1m NOK Shares utilizing SVS Improvement in footing points 11.55 11278964 11285761 6.02 12.19 11581642 11572708 -7.72 11.57 11904468 11910571 5.12 11.12 11610312 11581174 -25.16 11.45 11076799 11087759 9.88 11.36 11456338 11452293 -3.53 11.03 11390049 11404634 12.79 10.89 10947120 10956223 8.31 10.45 10923870 10950576 24.39 10.31 10373596 10377899 4.15 10.63 10354815 10367941 12.66 10.78 10655795 10644194 -10.90 10.70 10816236 10814437 -1.66 10.45 10723627 10737409 12.84 10.24 10281461 10286957 5.34 10.48 10214443 10205979 -8.29 9.67 10553155 10547707 -5.17 9.67 9581014 9602197 22.06 9.40 9754339 9740190 -14.53 9.22 9521736 9544895 24.26 9.10 9282640 9280416 -2.40 9.38 9135088 9149560 15.82 9.27 9434147 9457587 24.78 9.42 9262702 9272236 10.28 9.77 9439104 9430047 -9.60 9.87 9807817 9799844 -8.14 9.49 9880881 9885421 4.59 9.58 9585207 9580119 -5.31 9.48 9619778 9624263 4.66 9.40 9556780 9555829 -1.00 9.67 9350444 9359424 9.59 9.98 9724834 9707290 -18.07 9.94 9869580 9869177 -0.41 Analysis of consequences of purchasing 1m portions of NOK and VOD Mean ( elf ) Median ( elf ) Entire ( elf ) Buying NOK 2.98 4.63 101.18 Buying VOD 12.48 1.58 374.53 Besides the entire betterment of both is really high indicating that for both the 30 simulations, a 101.18 footing points was saved utilizing FL-MAS on NOK, and a 374.53 on VOD. Buying 1m portions of VOD Similarly, the sell side is displayed in Table 4, and analysed in Table 5. Similar to the bargain side, all simulations and experiments utilizing FL-MAS and SVS, have displayed that on mean FL-MAS has proved to be the better system, and therefore would increase the profitableness of a fiscal securities firm house that executes multiple big orders. Fig. 5 displays the merchandising of 1m portions of VOD. Comparing the public presentation of FL-MAS against SVS for selling 1M portions of VOD Average Monetary value Cost of selling 1m VOD Shares utilizing FLMAS Cost of selling 1m VOD Shares utilizing SVS Improvement in footing points 139.75 138379831 138304137 5.47 142.10 141880579 141466276 29.20 147.30 145752861 145974583 -15.21 145.70 147127925 147242618 -7.80 144.50 145284236 145840646 -38.30 148.30 141887321 141926909 -2.79 138.30 138593022 138540789 3.77 137.60 138159371 138119542 2.88 138.45 137192635 137152512 2.92 138.80 136243869 137297036 -77.30 138.70 138854269 138889050 -2.50 135.95 134818894 134622571 14.56 133.85 135551066 135198498 26.01 136.50 133744440 133824812 -6.01 135.55 136450408 136384280 4.85 139.50 136381824 136248448 9.78 138.30 138364382 138217262 10.63 136.85 136263730 136277519 -1.01 134.20 133894601 133855738 2.90 134.56 133894289 132534941 101.52 127.10 129477007 129129593 26.83 128.90 127159502 127174918 -1.21 130.85 129889373 129821846 5.20 135.50 130203793 130019981 14.12 136.85 135468629 135441956 1.97 136.45 136622702 136595289 2.01 138.05 136719313 136746751 -2.01 136.65 134943043 135082269 -10.32 132.15 133857223 134159108 -22.55 Analysis of consequences of Selling 1m portions of NOK and VOD Mean ( elf ) Median ( elf ) Entire ( elf ) Selling NOK 1.6812 2.9291 57.16 Selling VOD 2.73 2.46 81.83 Selling 1m portions of VOD Decision The job of order executing is a really complicated one. To be able to supply the best monetary value, an executing system has to dynamically alter the engagement rates at each case in order to provide for monetary value alterations, which are driven by impulse and volatility. This paper has introduced a system that makes usage of fuzzed logic, in order to ground out the current market status which is produced by the accretion of impulse. FL-MAS is a fuzzed logic impulse analysis system that outperforms the traditional systems used in industry which are frequently based on put to deathing orders based on the leaden norm of the current volume. Consequences of the enforced system have been displayed and compared against the traditional system. The system proves that on norm it increases profitableness on orders both on the bargain and sell sides. Further work and research has to be done to optimize the public presentation of the system. This could either include the usage of a familial algorithm to optimize the rank maps or the usage of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy systems which would bring forth all the possible regulations for the system.

Business Management Theories Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Management Theories - Article Example This text offers a comparative analysis of various management theories their inherent influences. The articles note that there are critical management flaws that have that have been experienced over the years. For instance, the ideological tendencies that are taught and the subsequent theories that have been developed do not align with the dynamics experienced in the field. The intrinsic roles of managers cannot be over emphasized. Managers have a sole responsibility to take care of the firms and furthering moral tenets as appropriate. While the managers take up their responsibilities as aligned, there is increased concern on the moral obligations. Organizations vary from one end to the other, and the application of management ideas is intrinsically different (Ghoshal 2005, p.75). The status of managers has significantly reduced, and there are sustained efforts to redefine the role of managers and their importance. Theories and various research studies are critical in determining the extent to which managers operate at various management levels. The fixed structures that exist limit the capacity of the managers to operate as appropriate. Various management practices are enhanced from the various theories that have been produced over time. Theories and studies are critical in guiding managers on how they should conduct business and enhance operations while doing business. The relationship between managers and workers in of the essence. Workers are more concerned with the social issues and democratic space over which they can air their views than strict entities that do not provide such tendencies (Carey 1977, p.33). The limitations that exist in establishing proper management practices, including management of workers is significantly altered by the various scientific thoughts and studies. Scientific models or theories developed as guiding principles of management do not