Office Administration Essay

The Administration role, more than most others, has been profoundly affected by the information revolution, according to Canadian researcher Alice de Wolff. At a meeting of the Office Worker’s Career Assistance Group of Toronto, Ms. de Wolff noted that office professionals work constantly with new information technologies. They bring the information economy to life and experience the impact of the information revolution on a daily basis. She told her audience about a four-year study of nine Toronto companies with as many as 6,000 employees. A team of researchers, including Ms. de Wolff, interviewed approximately 650 managers and office workers to determine how the administrative profession has changed. They discovered that office work has changed in three ways. 1. Tasks that formed the core of administrative work are done in new ways, but are still required in most jobs. 2. Complex new tools that administrative professionals use to do these core tasks require office workers to develop technical knowledge and skills and to work constantly to keep their skills current. 3. Reorganization in many workplaces has added new tasks related to specific occupations or industries that require office workers to diversify. Many office professionals are being asked to do things that fall outside of their traditional support role. For example, a receptionist in a publishing house may be asked to edit manuscripts. These trends have led to changes in the jobs of

Crime And Victimization

She tastes that all individuals in a community have the potential of turning to crime in cases where destructive social relationships are upheld. The theory emphasizes that the socio-psychology interaction with various institutions is a renowned contributing factor to crime. It is evident that offenders turn to crime because of peer pressure and other legal involvements that tend to advocate for the criminal behaviors. This emphasizes on the point that any individual can be a criminal. Currently, there are diverse cases that describe of incidents where the youths have indulged in violence and crime and the effect it has on their families.A research conducted on the issues states that there is a connection of the childhood involvements that the individuals have and their behaviors. In most cases children exposed to domestic violence have been described as the most vulnerable to the situation and they portray poor social interactions and uncouth behaviors (Curran and Reinvent, 2001). I t is evident that if individual's criminal aspects are encouraged from their close relatives, they rarely make the right decisions and this usually results to crime.In this case, children are supposed to be taught on how to behave and the issues that are acceptable in the community since they learn most from what they see. The theory emphasizes that no individual is born with the attributes of a criminal, instead they are influenced to commit crime by the people they grow looking up to (Dressier, 2002). 2. Discuss one (1 ) real-life scenario involving criminal activity, identifying the federal, state, and / or local agency (sees) with jurisdiction. Explain why the agency (sees) that took the case was the appropriate one for the particular circumstances.Late last year, Claire Davis, a 1 7-year old student was shot and killed by Karl Pierson at Arapaho High School in Colorado. Karl was said to have been on a revenge mission against a librarian who he did not find and decided to turn h is anger towards his schoolmates (Arapaho High School shooting victim dies CNN. Com). He fired randomly in the hallways with his pump action shot gun which he later used to kill himself. The state police were the first to arrive and were fully in charge of the investigations from the beginning.This case was zestfully handled by the state police since violent and gun crimes fall under their jurisdiction. 3. Describe a recent incidence of crime that occurred within your community. Suggest how implementing at least one (1 ) of the changes that SST. Evans had discussed and another change of your recommendation would have changed the circumstances of the crime that you selected. Recently in my neighborhood, an elderly woman was ambushed by three young men and robbed of cash and personal belongings at knife point. She had come from doing her grocery shopping at the local store which is open till ate.She was attacked as she was walking to her car in the dimly lit car park which is in a sec luded place away from other businesses. This is one of the incidents that have been reported to have occurred around the area and many individuals have turned out to avoid the local stores. However, the local store is usually opened till late hours and it is convenient for many shoppers since the surrounding stores usually close earlier. This has contributed to the place being an easy attack spot for the thugs who are usually heavily harmed.The region is secluded making it hard for shoppers to get help even after raising alarm. There are minimal occupants around the homes surrounding the local store and the street lights along the store have been broken. The local store car park is also dimly lit and this has made it easier for the thugs to target and attack the shoppers. According to SST. Evans, he recommends that individuals should avoid going to the shopping center alone. This will minimize the chances of the shoppers being attacked by the thugs. It is important that individuals consider their safety and visit the stores early. Crime And Victimization These individuals take the time to think out a plan for the rime from start to finish and consider only an easy self-centered profit motive. There is no regard or consideration for victims or their respective feelings. (Siegel/ World, 2013). The most serious crime that can result from this thought process is capital murder. Consider the recent real-life crime scenario involving the death of William Rounder, â€Å"Bill† Deviate, 55, and the visualization of his wife outside Marvin United Methodist Church, Columbia County, Georgia.Daniel Nelson Robinson, a Florida man committed these heinous crimes for the purpose of obtaining monetary gains in the form of cash. Additionally he appeared in need of a vehicle to leave the area to travel to his home area of Jacksonville, Florida. The grand jury charged Robinson age 21, with felony murder, armed robbery, motor vehicle theft, possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. The District Attorney of Columbia County, Georgia, Ashley Wright is seeking the death penalty for Daniel Nelson Robinson.Robinsons felony criminal behavior reflects Rational Choice Theory because Robinson was seeking expediency in his criminal behavior to obtain easy cash and immediate escape in Davit's SUB toward Jacksonville, Florida, ( Rowel, 2014). Many Criminologists would argue that Robinson is a psychopath because of the recurring theme of his criminal behavior. He was on parole. This criminal offender demonstrated total disregard toward human life and lacking a moral arm since this also occurred on Church property.Psychodrama Theory suggests that his psychopathology' reflects a lack of conscience and disregard toward helpless females since he did assault Davit's spouse. It would appear that Robinson was a delinquent, (records sealed,) and was placed on parole after a life Of youthful criminal behavior if not delinquent behavior. Another example of a criminal visualization is the national and sensational criminal case of the serial killer from the State of Indiana, Adrian Eden Van.This week Van pleaded not guilty though he confessed earlier to investigators killing prostitutes and disposing their lifeless bodies in abandon, run down houses in Gary, Indiana. Reportedly he admitted to the brutal murders of seven women. Many more women may have been sealed by Van. He is a former Marine who has a history of sexual assaults, victimizing women in the State of Texas and the State of Indiana. Investigators suspect many other jurisdictions ND municipalities are looking into their unsolved murder cases. Complex as these serial sexual homicides appear, investigations are at this time incomplete.State Police in Indiana and the Texas Rangers are sharing forensic data and trace evidence. In addition due to Van's comments about visiting the dead bodies of the women who were abandon in unoccupied houses, Federal Investigators are directing resources to assist local, county and State law enforcement to complete what wil l be an extremely lengthy and exhaustive criminal investigation. Adrian Eden Van was married sixteen years and had a biological son, (NBC News, 2014). Both spouse and son were never victimized by Van's penchant for violent, sadistic sexual behavior.Law enforcement officials from various jurisdictions are attempting to piece together Van's elusive past and apparent psychopathology history of disdain toward women, especially prostitutes and the disadvantaged. Perhaps no other case of extreme visualization in recent years parallels that of the brutal assault and battery of a young couple on the River Front, at Augusta, Georgia. The beatings were so severe that Kevin D. Richardson was charged with two counts of attempted murder. Robbery Moses, 21 and Kevin D. Richardson attacked two young people sitting on a bench on the River Walk near Fort Discovery, Augusta, Georgia.Richardson uses a metal baseball bat. Moss, his accomplice assisted without provocation. Both defendants, although sepa rated after the cruel behavior of visualization, were caught. Moss was apprehended in Newbury, SC. Richardson caught much later and appeared to have a criminal history. Richardson was reportedly involved in another assault in Downtown August the previous evening. The beating was so severe that Wesley Spires requires months of hospitalizing. He received broken hand and facial fractures requiring reconstructive surgery.Local business provided a ten thousand dollars reward for information and for the apprehension of these criminal suspects. River Walk Augusta at the Fort Discovery landing is a rather secluded poorly lit area on a sparsely travel or visited walkway on the Savannah River during evening hours. Police patrols are more recurring at the upper area on the River Front. Sergeant Evans' noted Problem Oriented Policing attempts to react proactively. Considering this brutal criminal behavior, proper lighting and cameras may have been an effective deterrent.Strategic location of ca meras along the River Front Augusta, Georgia, advertising camera locations and monitoring devices, as well as signage indicating routine police patrols may have abated, if not eliminated this criminal element, and social deviates from downtown Augusta, Georgia. This senseless criminal act of assault and battery with intent to cause serious injury indicates that criminals are impulsive and adept at finding opportunity preying on weak and at times the infirm. Curfews or area closings would be entirely appropriate within this area on the River Front t the Savannah Rivers edge.

Global Warming: Causes, Effects, and Solutions Essay

Global Warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Many people do not see this as a problem. However, it is currently a huge issue that is often talked about among scientists and many other people. Global Warming is caused by many different things. Greenhouse gases, deforestation, and solar activity are three different proven facts that cause global warming. Global warming is not something that is going to disappear; it is only going to get worse if people do not start doing something about it. The main cause of global warming is the burning of greenhouse gases. Some of the main gases are: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and the loss of forests. Most of the harmful gasses are emitted by humans through the combustion of fossil fuels in cars, factories, and electricity production. But why and how do these specific gases cause global warming, it is because all of these gases have very different heat-trapping abilities. A molecule of methane produces more than 20 times the warming of a molecule of CO2. Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than CO2. Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (which have been banned in much of the world because they also degrade the ozone layer), have heat-trapping potential thousands of times greater than CO2. But because their concentrations are much lower than CO2, none of these gases adds as much warmth to the atmosphere as CO2 does. Trees provide an important ecosystem function by storing carbon, a cause of climate change, in their biomass. Currently the world’s forests store 283 billion tons of carbon in their biomass. Half the world’s tropical forests have been cleared or degraded. Every hour, at least 4,500 acres of forest fall to chain saws, machetes, flames, or bulldozers. In 2012 three million hectares of mature forests were cut down. This is a causing effect to global warming and continues to rise every year. Something called solar activity is also reasoning behind global warming. Solar activity is simply the amount of heat that comes off of the sun. Scientists can tell that solar activity contributes to global warming because there have been recent changes in temperatures at different levels in the Earth’s atmosphere. There are models showing how the greenhouse effect is warming the lower part of the atmosphere (known as the troposphere) but cooling the upper atmosphere (known as the stratosphere). However, if the sun was responsible for the observed warming, warming of both the troposphere and stratosphere would be expected. Global warming also has countless numbers of effects in the environment. It has been proven that the increase in Earth’s average temperatures have already been causing tons of ice to melt worldwide, also causing sea levels to increase over time. It is also causing precipitation to increase worldwide on average. It is predicted that if we do not stop global warming other effects could happen later this century; such as; Hurricanes and other storms becoming stronger, floods and droughts will become more common, and ecosystems will change to the point of some becoming extinct. All of this stuff may not sound that bad, but you have to think that over centuries and centuries it is only going to keep getting worse. There are things we can do to help this, to solve this. If the human race were refrain from using greenhouse gases, or even stop using them all together, it would help immensely. Depending on our choices scientists say it can only increase by 2. 5 degrees, or increase by 10. There are also other options to reduce the gases we emit into the atmosphere. We could try to decrease them by increasing the amount of gases we take out of the atmosphere. This can be achieved by planting more trees, increasing forestlands, and changing the way we farm. All of these things would help to increase the amount of carbon dioxide we are storing. Global warming is something that is still around today and will continue to be around if we do not decide to do something about it. There are many causes of it, some to which are still unknown to scientists. For every cause there is an effect, and this unfortunately is not a good thing for Earth. However there are solutions to reverse the effect of global warming. Even though some of these ideas have fallbacks, there are a variety of options that put us on a path toward a more stable climate. Work Cited: 1. http://environment. nationalgeographic. com/environment/global-warming/gw-solutions 2. http://www. facingthefuture. org 3. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Global_warming#Solar_activity Video: 1. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=ROZJmX73FF4

Terrorism Finance and Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terrorism Finance and Crime - Essay Example Terrorist organizations have continually exploited and relied on charities as their major source of support. Charity organizations provide hiding places to members and financiers of terrorist groups. Their financial support to the charity organization helps them get a cover for their actions and hence can be able to exist in a location in the name of being members of the charity group. This makes it hard for the anti terrorist groups or government officers to identify them and hence co-exist easily. Terrorists have also taken advantage over radical vulnerable communities by recruiting them into their groups through charities. On occasion when charity groups are out assisting such communities, Terrorist groups offer financial assistance them and travel with them to the ares they offering help. During the charity exercise, members of these communities are lured into the terrorist groups and hence they are able recruit people into it. Terrorist groups hide their identity and act like charity groups. Upon funding by nations with high economic levels, they move these funds to other countries and support terrorism. Terrorists working in this disguise are not easily identified and they accomplish their missions easily due to availability of funds. A good example is UNSC 1267 that had two charity groups in Pakistan, which were used to get funds that funded bombings in India. (Wills ,2003)Terrorist groups and organized crime groups have been two different groups with different modes of operation.

Nursing Informatics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Nursing Informatics - Coursework Example Any information that is considered private and confidential should never be disclosed to the third party unless that patient gives consent. Patient information should not be shared without his knowledge, as there are various ethical complications associated with disclosing any health information. The information can be revealed for the best interest of the patient, is autonomy, and the public interest. If an individual has a contagious disease, the medics can reveal his health information for the public’s interest (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). Supporting the patients’ autonomy is important and it is possible to avoid ethical problems by giving patients enough information about information disclosure. Some information may be disclosed without the patient’s consent especially when it is to the best interest of the patient that the information be disclosed to the relatives. Confidentiality is important to the patients as it provides a secure environment conducive for them to seek medical care and be open with the details of their illnesses. Confidentiality also makes the public have trust on the health professionals and ensure that the respect for the patients autonomy is respected. People have the right to choose people who can access their health information although the medical practitioners can breach confidentiality when necessary. Data breaches in hospitals and health centers are on the rise posing a challenge in protecting electronic patient health information. There are various steps for health care organizations to take to safeguard their patients’ information such as using secure transmissions by using a minimum of 128-bit encryption when transferring sensitive data (Rehg, 2014). The medical professionals can also perform an annual risk assessment and address any security issues, especially with the current cloud computing. Beefing up physical security and having clear access control policies will help identify whether people

Structural Stagnation Dilemma Forum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Structural Stagnation Dilemma Forum - Assignment Example Further, the economies are suffering because of shortfall of investments in education and infrastructure. For structural stagnations, the major causes are categorized into long term short term. The long term causes are globalization, exchange rates and trade deficit while short term is associated to the aftermath of financial crisis. As shown in figure 11-3, by Colander, a graph showing policy implication of structural stagnation, the policy makers are deemed to target a higher potential output as a result of the dilemma (Colander 238). In which case, Aggregate Supply (AS) and Aggregate Demand (AD) model explains that â€Å"too high targeting†, than is sustainable, on aggregate output creates a financial bubble. The financial bubble in turn causes slow growth in macro economy and high unemployment rate. In contemporary society, the definition of economic growth and employment goes hand in hand with technological change. At times of volatility and impeded economic growth, many economies are relying on technology to create jobs and facilitate innovation and development. The technology industry has initiated direct job creation, especially in the ICT sector that now features among the largest employers. Apart from being an employer, technology also boosts economic growth through its contribution to GDP growth. For instance, E-commerce is pervasive in most economies and constitutes a considerable portion of their overall GDP. However, the technological change has brought with it both negative and positive impacts on employment. The introduction of machinery, working like man, has brought about unemployment in subject industries. Many workers are laid off as a result of technological transition taking course. Even though globalization has been evident to lift many out of poverty, it does have contradiction in terms of the structural changes it forces US to undergo. The

Current State of Wheeler-Lea Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current State of Wheeler-Lea Act - Essay Example Still there were some shortcomings, which were corrected by Wheeler Lea act. Congress passed The Wheeler-Lea Act in 1938, a United States federal law, which amended the Federal Trade Commission Act. It gave the FTC the additional responsibility of policing "deceptive acts or practices in commerce." In so doing, the FTC tries to protect the public against false or misleading advertising and the misrepresentation of products (Larabee, Robert). So the Federal Trade Commission Act, as modified by the Wheeler-Lea Act, gives new provisions: The Wheeler-Lea Act has not permitted the FTC to control the advertising of self-medication drugs. So there has not been as much improvement in patent medicine advertising as wished. Prescription drugs are policed by the FDA under the Kefauver-Harris Amendments of 1962. Additionally, advertising of restricted medical devices is regulated by the FDA under the Medical Device Amendments of 1976. Most recently, Congress passed a broad reform of the FD&C Act in the Food and Drug Modernization Act (FDAMA), which includes provisions to "regulate advertising of unapproved uses of approved drugs and devices, and regulate health claims for foods." There is requirement of prohibition of unfair methods of competition and advertising, in order to protect consumers as well as competition. Many Acts has been passed by U.S government. Wheeler lea Act was a big step in this direction. It regulated advertising, labeling strategies and identification, quality, and fill-of-container for foods and drugs. References Larabee, Robert. The Federal Trade Commission: A Guide to Sources (Research and Information Guides in Business, Industry, and Economic Institutions), Routledge; 1 edition, November 8, 2000. pp- 345 U. S. Food and Drug Administration, "Chronology of Drug Regulation in the United States". Last Updated May 10, 2007, Retrieved May 13, 2007. < http://www.fda.gov/cder/about/history/time1.htm

A Capstone Experience(Factors and Trends that Influence Strategy Assignment

A Capstone Experience(Factors and Trends that Influence Strategy Development)1 - Assignment Example The businesses will save a lot of money in the long run. However, there will be reductions in employment, cuts on expenditure, and closure of establishments (Glynn, 2010). Investment strategies involve the business spending on innovation and market diversification. Though it is a risky strategy, many businesses have begun successfully using investment strategies. Businesses will allocate a large portion of their capital towards short-term survival and innovation. Businesses will then exploit all its resources (Glynn, 2010). Ambidextrous strategies are a combination of retrenchment and investment strategies. Businesses that adopt these strategies survive the recession period by cost and asset cutting. The businesses also invest a lot in product innovation and market development. Business managers have a task in choosing the right investment for the business and which cost to cut (Glynn, 2010). In the new post-recession consumer behavior, there are certain factors useful to achieve product differentiation. The factors include good business location to create convenience for the customers, and price differentiation so as to give the customers value for their money. Luxury goods are products which are not necessary; however, they make life more pleasant. Marketers of luxury goods should abandon their efforts to abandon premium pricing because their marketing focuses more on affluent mass markets. It would confuse market players because plenty of goods would not know whether to represent luxury or premium pricing (Silverstein, 2008). It is advantageous to create customer value and satisfaction. Companies should formulate their marketing strategies while sticking to the societal attitudes. For example, Wal-Mart delivers its promises always charging low prices on

(Narrative) Childhood event. Earning money to buy something you really Essay

(Narrative) Childhood event. Earning money to buy something you really wanted - Essay Example We dreamed of buying the coolest toys or the flashiest technological gadgets that some of our filthy rich classmates possess. Sometimes, we just wanted to splurge on fad items, food, chocolates or candies. To save for those items we longed to buy, my brother concocted of innovative and fun ways to earn money. There was this time when we saw the newest version of the portable playstation that we just got to hold on to. We thought of saving each and every penny earned for that PSP. There were a lot of jobs for kids at our neighborhood which we both were determined to monopolize. Mowing our neighbors’ lawn was one of our favorites. We get to have fun while trimming the grass, watering their plants, and ensuring that all dried leaves were kripped and properly disposed of. There were times we took turns on babysitting and selling old but reusable items, among others. The journey towards earning every penny towards our goal was challenging, fun, memorable and rewarding. In the end, we bought what we wanted and we cherished it forever.

Immanuel Kant Essay Example for Free

Immanuel Kant Essay HYPERLINK http://www. philosophypages. com/ph/kant. htm Immanuel Kant answers the question in the first sentence of the essay: â€Å"Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity. † He argues that the immaturity is self-inflicted not from a lack of understanding, but from the lack of courage to use one’s reason, intellect, and wisdom without the guidance of another. He exclaims that the motto of enlightenment is â€Å"Sapere aude†! – Dare to be wise! The German word Unmundigkeit means not having attained age of majority or legal adulthood. Unmundig also means dependent or unfree, and another translation is tutelage or nonage (the condition of not [being] of age). Kant, whose moral philosophy is centred around the concept of autonomy, here distinguishes between a person who is intellectually autonomous and one who keeps him/herself in an intellectually heteronomous, i. e. dependent and immature status. Kant understands the majority of people to be content to follow the guiding institutions of society, such as the Church and the Monarchy, and unable to throw off the yoke of their immaturity due to a lack of resolution to be autonomous. It is difficult for individuals to work their way out of this immature, cowardly life because we are so uncomfortable with the idea of thinking for ourselves. Kant says that even if we did throw off the spoon-fed dogma and formulas we have absorbed, we would still be stuck, because we have never â€Å"cultivated our minds. † The key to throwing off these chains of mental immaturity is reason. There is hope that the entire public could become a force of free thinking individuals if they are free to do so. Why? There will always be a few people, even among the institutional guardians, who think for themselves. They will help the rest of us to â€Å"cultivate our minds. † Kant shows himself a man of his times when he observes that â€Å"a revolution may well put an end to autocratic despotism . . . or power-seeking oppression, but it will never produce a true reform in ways of thinking. † The recently completed American Revolution had made a great impression in Europe; Kant cautions that new prejudice will replace the old and become a new leash to control the â€Å"great unthinking masses. † Immanuel Kants Ideas on Science and Morality According to the 18th-century German thinker Immanuel Kant, no person may possess inherent wisdom about reality. This is best summarized in the philosophers famous expression, Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without data are blind. Indeed, Kant believes that in order for us to utilize our sensible intuition, we must possess two stimuli, physical sensation and moral duty. The first of the two addresses a portion of Kantian thought known as empirical realism, a reasoning that defines that absolute reality as the entire universe in which all human beings dwell. Every time we acquire external data from that absolute reality, our perception of it assumes a greater degree of accuracy. And what would be the optimal way of acquiring such data with only minimal if any contact with other persons perceptions (which are, like ours, inaccurate, only in different ways, since each human being possesses a unique arsenal of experiences)? Scientific exploration is, therefore, the key to an ultimate comprehension of things-in-themselves. Kant was a fervent admirer of Newtonian thought and the Scientific Method, which permitted scientists to ascend to unprecedented heights in their understanding of and control over nature. The second stimulus to action, moral duty, provides the explanation for the purpose of all human actions toward the comprehension of the universe. This portion of Kants doctrine has been dubbed by the philosopher as transcendental idealism, since it establishes a framework outside the natural world upon which correct actions are based. Kant sees the ultimate virtues to be the attempts to reach three goals which are not yet found in reality, God, freedom, and the immortality of individuals. God, the Creator and Supreme Being of the universe, must be fathomed, properly interpreted, and obeyed in accordance with his true desires. Freedom, the individual liberty to act as one wishes and to grant all others this right, must be instituted through societal reforms and a development of ideology to understand the proper order that would establish such an atmosphere. And, at last, every human being must rise to possess the right to exist for an indefinite length of time that he may 1 / 3 obey the commandments of God and practice his freedoms. Kant states that all which is right and moral must be based upon those three principles. As such, Kant separates the scientific realm (which describes what is) from the moral realm (which explains what ought to be), but he considers these two realms to go hand-in-hand ultimately advocating putting the scientific realm in service to moral one. Kant: The Copernican Revolution in Philosophy The philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is sometimes called the â€Å"Copernican revolution of philosophy† to emphasize its novelty and huge importance. Kant synthesized (brought together) rationalism and empiricism. After Kant, the old debate between rationalists and empiricists ended, and epistemology went in a new direction. After Kant, no discussion of reality or knowledge could take place without awareness of the role of the human mind in constructing reality and knowledge. Summary of Rationalism The paradigm rationalist philosophers are Plato (ancient); Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz (modern). Don’t trust senses, since they sometimes deceive; and since the â€Å"knowledge† they provide is inferior (because it changes). Reason alone can provide knowledge. Math is the paradigm of real knowledge. There are innate ideas, e. g. , Plato’s Forms, or Descartes’ concepts of self, substance, and identity. The self is real and discernable through immediate intellectual intuition (cogito ergo sum). Moral notions are comfortably grounded in an objective standard external to self — in God, or Forms. Kant says rationalists are sort of right about (3) and (4) above; wrong about (1) and (2). Kant would like (5) to be true. Summary of Empiricism The paradigm empiricist philosophers are Aristotle (ancient); Locke, Berkeley, Hume (modern). Senses are the primary, or only, source of knowledge of world. Psychological atomism. Mathematics deals only with relations of ideas (tautologies); gives no knowledge of world. No innate ideas (though Berkeley accepts Cartesian self). General or complex ideas are derived by abstraction from simple ones (conceptualism). Hume — there’s no immediate intellectual intuition of self. The concept of â€Å"Self† is not supported by sensations either. Hume — no sensations support the notion of necessary connections between causes and effects, or the notion that the future will resemble the past. Hume — â€Å"is† does not imply â€Å"ought†. Source of morality is feeling. Kant thinks empiricism is on the right track re (1), sort of right re (2), wrong re (3), (4), (5), and (6). Summary of Kant’s Argument The epistemological debate between rationalism and empiricism is basically about whether, or to what extent the senses contribute to knowledge. Both rationalism and empiricism take for granted that it’s possible for us to acquire knowledge of Reality, or how things really are, as opposed to how they seem to us. But both rationalism and empiricism overlook the fact that the human mind is limited; it can experience and imagine only within certain constraints. These constraints are both synthetic and a priori. All our possible experience must conform to these SAPs. The SAPs include location in space and time, causality, experiencing self, thing-ness, identity, and various mathematical notions. (Twentieth- century Gestalt psychology’s attack on psychological atomism is based on Kant’s views. ) Therefore, we must distinguish the world we experience, bounded by SAPs, and the world of things as they really are â€Å"in themselves†. Kant calls these two worlds the phenomenal (apparent) world versus the noumenal (real) world. Empiricism pretty much nails what it means to know something, once the SAPs are in place; i. e. , within the phenomenal world, empiricism rules. The phenomenal world is a world of things, publicly observable, describable by science, known to the senses, determined by physical laws. No God, no 2 / 3 freedom, no soul, no values exist in this world. If God, freedom, souls, and values exist, then they must be noumenal and unknowable by any ordinary means. Thus, according to Kant: Both rationalism and empiricism are wrong when they claim that we can know things in themselves. Rationalists are wrong not to trust senses; in the phenomenal world, senses are all we have. Rationalists are right about â€Å"innate ideas†, but not in Plato’s sense of Forms— much more like Descartes’ in argument of the wax. Hume is wrong when he claims the concept of self is unsupported by senses, and thus bogus. Rather, the experiencing self is a pre-condition for having any experience at all (Descartes was right). Hume is wrong when he says the notion that the future will resemble the past is due only to â€Å"custom and habit†. That notion is a SAP; we couldn’t have ordinary experience without it. Hume is wrong when he says the source of morality is feeling. Morality, properly understood, provides the key to linking the noumenal and phenomenal worlds. Kant argues that if morality is real, then human freedom is real, and therefore humans are not merely creatures of the phenomenal world (not merely things subject to laws). Ramifications of Kant’s Views Kant revolutionized philosophy. Kant showed that the mind, through its innate categories, constructs our experience along certain lines (space, time, causality, self, etc. ). Thus, thinking and experiencing give no access to things as they really are. We can think as hard as we like, but we will never escape the innate constraints of our minds. Kant forced philosophy to look seriously at the world for the agent (what Kant calls the phenomenal world) independently of the real world outside consciousness – the world in itself (the noumenal world). Ethics had long recognized the importance for moral evaluation of â€Å"how things seem to the agent. † But the ramifications of Kant’s noumenal-phenomenal distinction extend far beyond ethics. Philosophers like to take credit for all the big events in 19th century intellectual history as direct consequences of Kant’s philosophical legitimizing of the perspective of the subject: Hegel and German idealism, Darwinism, Romanticism, pragmatism, Marxism, the triumph of utilitarianism, Nietzsche, and the establishment of psychology as a science, especially Gestalt psychology. Phenomena and NoumenaHaving seen Kants transcendental deduction of the categories as pure concepts of the understanding applicable a priori to every possible experience, we might naturally wish to ask the further question whether these regulative principles are really true. Are there substances? Does every event have a cause? Do all things interact? Given that we must suppose them in order to have any experience, do they obtain in the world itself? To these further questions, Kant firmly refused to offer any answer. According to Kant, it is vital always to distinguish between the distinct realms of phenomena and noumena. Phenomena are the appearances, which constitute the our experience; noumena are the (presumed) things themselves, which constitute reality. All of our synthetic a priori judgments apply only to the phenomenal realm, not the noumenal. (It is only at this level, with respect to what we can experience, that we are justified in imposing the structure of our concepts onto the objects of our knowledge. ) Since the thing in itself (Ding an sich) would by definition be entirely independent of our experience of it, we are utterly ignorant of the noumenal realm. Thus, on Kants view, the most fundamental laws of nature, like the truths of mathematics, are knowable precisely because they make no effort to describe the world as it really is but rather prescribe the structure of the world as we experience it. By applying the pure forms of sensible intuition and the pure concepts of the understanding, we achieve a systematic view of the phenomenal realm but learn nothing of the noumenal realm. Math and science are certainly true of the phenomena; only metaphysics claims to instruct us about the noumena. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Components of the International Political System

Components of the International Political System International Political System I. International Political System and Its Components Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Heraclitus said that the only thing constant in this world is change. Taking this statement, he believes that people must not only accept the changes happening, moreover, they must know how to celebrate it.[1] By trying to look around, one can clearly see the things that have changed and are continuously changing; some getting better, some becoming worse, others are mixed, name it, the world has it. Among the most common things that have changed and/or modified over the years are the value of every care the value of currency against the other, monetary inflation rate, voting behavior of people, climate, language, technology, among others. Despite the fact of these changes happening, each state has its own way of coping, mobilizing, promoting and even recreating to it and has a parallel effect to the global society. It is very important to recognize these changes for it will be one of the bases in order to provide answer to the question that will be solved in this paper: As of now, do we have an international political system? After thorough research and analysis, the stand of this paper acclaims that yes, as of now, we do have an international political system. In this paper, arguments related to government structure, behavior of the populace, power, and development will be presented in order to toughen its claim that there is international political system nowadays and its presence today was brought about by the different actions of the people in the yesteryears and significant events that had happened then. Before proceeding to the points that will strengthen the claim, it is important to unlock first the complex terms used in the formulating the question and break it into smaller ideas. The question at hand can be divided into three parts in order to make sure that at the end, there will be a proper riposte. For the first part, the question suggests a certain time frame as to when the answer must be based on, which is the present time, â€Å"as of now,† next, a certain manifestation is being searched upon, â€Å"do we have,† and lastly, the main factor that is being considered, the â€Å"international political system.† Since the first and second parts of the query are relating on the third one, this time, it is necessary to define the said system and explain it for this will greatly help in guiding the points that will be presented on the latter part of this paper. The term â€Å"international political system† is comprised of three different terms that carry different significant meaning in the study of Political Science and this calls for identifying each before understanding it as a single thought. First to be identified is the system. System is the composite formed by a structured set of interacting units.[2] Unit is the entity composed of various sub groups, organizations, communities, and many individuals, sufficiently cohesive to have actor quality (i.e. to be capable of conscious decision-making), and sufficiently independent to be differentiated from others and to have standing at the higher levels (e.g. states, nations, transnational firms).[3] To highlight, it is important that the system must have interacting units, meaning, there is reciprocal action or influences between such. Otherwise, it cannot be considered as a system. Next is politics. It might be best characterized as the constrained use of social power – the study of the nature and source of those constraints and the techniques for the use of social power within those constraints.[4] It can also be lowered to an idea of chasing interests and decisions. Whenever an individual is faced with choices or when a state is choosing to possible decisions on issue of just and unjust for the populace, they fall to the same ground, politics. To be given meaning lastly is the term international. This term was fashioned by Jeremy Bentham and he footnoted in his work that the word international, it must be acknowledged, is a new one; though, it is hoped, sufficiently analogous and intelligible. It is calculated to express, in a more significant way, the branch of the law which goes commonly under the name of the law of nations: an appellation so uncharacteristic that, were, it not force of custom, it would seem rather to refer to international jurisprudence.[5] From this definition, he only wanted to imply that while there are laws that can be implemented exclusively within the territory of every state, on the other hand, there is also law, an international law, that is being followed and must be abide by all the states that recognize such since they share a common region or organizational goal. Example of this is the UNCLOS or the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It lays down a comprehensive regime of law a nd order in the worlds oceans and seas establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources.[6] Through UNCLOS, contradicting claims of every state relative to world’s oceans and seas are being put into table, subjected to presentation of evidences, similar in a trial court, and draws the judgment from the substantiations offered by each of the state. Having defined the concepts that make up the idea of international political system, this time, it is significant to draw the definition of IPS itself. From the delineations provided, it can be illustrated that an international political system simply means that it is a system with the same components or units that are interacting between each other or amongst one another, dependent to every other units within it, and has a trajectory of similar, related, or parallel goal or purpose. Reaching this definition, it only provides that if the system that we currently have in the society today do not fit in the three major qualifications of [a.] interacting units, [b.] dependent to each or one another, and [c.] has analogous goal, it can obviously be declared that we do not have an international political system. For the next pages, these factors will be the foundation of the paper’s stand. II. State and International Government Organizations A better way to proceed to next part of this paper is by citing a clichà © quote which has been attributed to International Relations for quite a long time, from Lord Palmerston, and he said â€Å"We have no permanent allies, we have no permanent enemies, we only have permanent interests.†[7] Seeing the status quo, of different states shifting alliances, focused on constantly claiming territories, and partnership with other countries for strengthening military defenses, Lord Palmerston was never wrong even it was already more than a century ago when he mentioned it. Security is important for a state since it greatly affects the populace, economy, the government and its sovereignty. If the state’s security is threatened, it does not only put the people into the brink of harm, but moreover, it places the entire territory beyond the threshold of peace, thus, violence. Because of these possibilities, it is significant that a state must establish alliance with other state or be part of an international government organization. Being part of the international organization brings the concept of international systems or the largest conglomerates of interacting or interdependent units that have no system level above them.[8] International government organizations exist to help the states handle issues that they cannot alone and they also create cooperation between the states.[9] By being part of an international government organization, it is true that at this point, the member state does not only consider what is solely good and beneficial for his country, but then it learns to recognize the existence of other states and realize, in one way or another, their importance to itself. International government organizations help each country to fully understand and be educated about the process of diplomacy. Process is what units are actually doing in the system.[10] Diplomacy is the process wherein they send representative, called a diplomat, to other state, or into an IGO to conduct arbitration and settle state disputes. The study of the concentration and distribution of power in the international system is an important topic in the study of world politics because of a presumed correlation with the likelihood of war.[11] This is why, as mentioned, diplomacy is important and participation with the international government organizations is beneficial because it greatly influences in maintaining a state and the entire region’s peace, cooperation and security. IGOs such as United Nations, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund; and the regional organizations like Association of Southeast Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization, greatly help in meeting the needs of the states which has affiliation to these organizations. They aid in the healthcare, security, financial needs of the member state and they debate on issues to determine the best solution for problems arising in the states and the organization as a whole. III. The Three Major Qualifications Going back, I have mentioned that if the system that we currently have in the society today do not fit in the three major qualifications of [a.] interacting units, [b.] dependent to each or one another, and [c.] has analogous goal, it can obviously be declared that we do not have an international political system. In brief, this paper strongly confirms that presently, there is International Political System. One of the strongest points to prove it is the presence of order in the society. There are laws that are being followed, there are international government organizations that have the same goal which is to help every member state for its development, and the units here, or the groups or organizations with an actor-quality like decision-making, were able to have connections, relations, and interactions in various fields be it for economic purposes, cooperation for stronger bond of the organization and for active participation of every member states. From the very start, the question itself used the phrase â€Å"as of now†, and for this, I will also cite the specific proof of the presence of IPS in the present time. First is the serious effort of the United Nations in finding way to help the Fijian UN peacekeepers captured by the Syrian branch of Al Qaeda. Just last Sunday, Filipino p eacekeepers were able to escape from the rebels. The UN has also offered aid to the nearly  three million  Syrian refugees it has registered in neighboring countries.[12] Another, the ASEAN Integration will be put into effect for less than a year and a half from now until the self-imposed due date of end-2015.[13] These are the proofs that the units follow a certain system in the political grounds of the society today which creates ordered processes. [1] John Mansley Robinson,An Introduction to Early Greek Philosophy, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1968), 91 [2] Barry Buzan and Richar Little, International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations, (New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2000), 442. [3] Ibid. p. 442. [4] Robert E. Goodin and Hans Dieter-Klingemann, A New Handbook of Political Science, (Oxford: Oxford University Press Inc., 1998),p. 4. [5] M. W. Janis, Jeremy Bentham and the Fashioning of â€Å"International Law,† (The American Journal of International Law, 1984), pp. 405-418 [6] Daniel Hollis, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, The Encyclopedia of Earth, 2010), www.eoearth.org/view/article/156775. [7] David Brown, Palmerston and the Politics of Foreign Policy, 1846-1855 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), pp. 82-83. [8] Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations, (New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2000), pp. 69. [9] Henderson. Understanding International Law, 33. [10] Buzan and Little, International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations, 80. [11] Diana Richards, A Chaotic Model of Concentration in the International System, (International Studies Quarterly 1993), 37, pp. 55-72. [12] Ben Hubbard, (2014, August 31). Affiliate of Al Qaeda Confirms Capture of U.N. Peacekeepers in Syria. Retrieved August 31, 2014, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/world/middleeast/un-peacekeepers-captured-in-syria.html?_r=0 [13] Rommel W. Domingo. (2014, September 1). Asean inches closer to economic integration. Retrieved September 1, 2014, from Inquirer.net: http://business.inquirer.net/177832/asean-inches-closer-to-economic-integration

The Psychology of Attraction: Why We Like Who We Like Essay -- The Sci

"Attraction: 1.n. the power or act of attracting; 2.a desirable or pleasant quality or thing" (Merriam-Webster, 2015). Taken directly from Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, this definition states in clear, scientific terms what attraction is. However, as every human knows, the power of attraction goes far beyond this cut and dried statement, reaching deep into our psyche, as well into our past. In this paper, the processes of attraction, its evolutionary roots and modern day implications are studied, in an attempt to answer the question "what causes us to be attracted to someone"? Discussion In the search for an answer, one must begin at the beginning- that is, at the beginning of the human race. At this time, life was merely the pursuit of survival and reproduction. Humans, like all other animals, struggled in competition for mates with the best genetic quality to pass on to their offspring. Females selected males that were healthy and strong, who could defend them and their young and who could provide food and shelter. Males sought out as many young, fertile women with whom to mate and pass on their genes as possible. Prehistoric man had no way of knowing whether or not a potential mate was in good health, so he learned to rely on cues embedded deep in recesses of his brain. Such preferences developed universally because these attributes provided signals as to the quality of genes, health or fertility of a mate. Over time, the people who had such preferences (and acted on them by mating with people possessing these attributes) left more surviving children. Three theories as to why these characteristics evolved as important signals exist. The first theory, the Runaway Selection model, credited to British ge... ... Cowley, Geofery and Karen Spriger (6/03/2012). "The Biology of Beauty" Newsweek, Vol. 127, Issue 23, p. 60- 65 Diamond, Jared (12/2012). "The Best Ways to Sell Sex" Discover, , Vol.17, Issue 12, p. 78- 93 Hotenski, Roberta (07/05/2014). "Playing the Mating Game" US News and World Report, Vol. 127, Issue 1, p. 56 Kalick et. al (02/07/2011), "Blinded By Beauty" Science News, Vol. 153, Issue 6, p.91 Merriam-Webster's Dictionary (2015), An Encyclopedia Britannica Company http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Mestel, Rosie (Nov/Dec 2014). "What's So Great About 36- 24- 66?" Health, Vol.13, Issue 9, p. 84-87 Morris, Charles G. and Albert A. Maisto (2014), Psychology, an Introduction (10th Edition), Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, p.584- 586 Turner, Stuart (06- July-2014). "Physical Attractiveness Primer" Internet Source. (www.dur.ac.uk)

Prejudice Against Native Americans Essay -- essays research papers

Prejudice Against Native Americans These people began migrating thirty thousand years before Christopher Colombus "discovered" the Americas. Native Americans migrated from Asia, crossing a land bridge where the Bering Strait off the coast of Alaska is today. Over the centuries these people spread throughout the continents of North and South America. Since the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the American Indian has been dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms that represent a dominate European view. The Spanish explorers under Colombus were the first to use the terms "Indian" to mean a Native American. These explorers were under the false impression that the had reached the West Indies. This term is still used today. From the first interaction with the native peoples the Europeans inatiated dominance and superiority. There are three distinctive reasons that the Europeans were able to dominate and later oppress the Native American culture such as; the Native American relgious beleifs and practices, the lack of interaction between Native Americans ans Europeans and the lack of orginization of the Indian tribes. All of these aspects had a strong influence the Europeans to become dominate figures on the Native American land. These factors can still be attributed for the way that Native Americans are viewed in society today. After the Revolutionary War the new United States government sought to gain land through treaties. Th...

The Theory of Chaos :: science

The Theory of Chaos Where Chaos begins, classical science ends. Ever since physicists have inquired into the laws of nature, the have not begun to explore irregular side of nature, the erratic and discontinuous side, that have always puzzled scientists. They did not attempt to understand disorder in the atmosphere, the turbulent sea, the oscillations of the heart and brain, and the fluctuations of wildlife populations. All of these things were taken for granted until in the 1970's some American and European scientists began to investigate the randomness of nature. They were physicists, biologists, chemists and mathematicians but they were all seeking one thing: connections between different kinds of irregularity. "Physiologists found a surprising order in the chaos that develops in the human heart, the prime cause of a sudden, unexplained death. Ecologists explored the rise and fall of gypsy moth populations. Economists dug out old stock price data and tried a new kind of analysis. The insights that emerged led directly into the natural world- the shapes of clouds, the paths of lightning, the microscopic intertwining of blood vessels, the galactic clustering of stars." (Gleick, 1987) The man most responsible for coming up with the Chaos theory was Mitchell Feigenbaum, who was one of a handful of scientists at Los Alamos, New Mexico when he first started thinking about Chaos. Feigenbaum was a little known scientist from New York, with only one published work to his name. He was working on nothing very important, like quasi periodicity, in which he and only he had 26 hour days instead of the usual 24. He gave that up because he could not bear to wake up to setting sun, which happened periodically. He spent most of time watching clouds from the hiking trails above the laboratory. To him could represented a side of nature that the mainstream of physics had passed by, a side that was fuzzy and detailed, and structured yet unpredictable. He thought about these things quietly, without producing any work. After he started looking, chaos seemed to be everywhere. A flag snaps back and forth in the wind. A dripping faucet changes from a steady pattern to a random one. A rising column of smoke disappears into random swirls. "Chaos breaks across the lines that separate scientific disciplines. Because it is a science of the global nature of systems, it has brought together thinkers from fields that have been widely separated. The Theory of Chaos :: science The Theory of Chaos Where Chaos begins, classical science ends. Ever since physicists have inquired into the laws of nature, the have not begun to explore irregular side of nature, the erratic and discontinuous side, that have always puzzled scientists. They did not attempt to understand disorder in the atmosphere, the turbulent sea, the oscillations of the heart and brain, and the fluctuations of wildlife populations. All of these things were taken for granted until in the 1970's some American and European scientists began to investigate the randomness of nature. They were physicists, biologists, chemists and mathematicians but they were all seeking one thing: connections between different kinds of irregularity. "Physiologists found a surprising order in the chaos that develops in the human heart, the prime cause of a sudden, unexplained death. Ecologists explored the rise and fall of gypsy moth populations. Economists dug out old stock price data and tried a new kind of analysis. The insights that emerged led directly into the natural world- the shapes of clouds, the paths of lightning, the microscopic intertwining of blood vessels, the galactic clustering of stars." (Gleick, 1987) The man most responsible for coming up with the Chaos theory was Mitchell Feigenbaum, who was one of a handful of scientists at Los Alamos, New Mexico when he first started thinking about Chaos. Feigenbaum was a little known scientist from New York, with only one published work to his name. He was working on nothing very important, like quasi periodicity, in which he and only he had 26 hour days instead of the usual 24. He gave that up because he could not bear to wake up to setting sun, which happened periodically. He spent most of time watching clouds from the hiking trails above the laboratory. To him could represented a side of nature that the mainstream of physics had passed by, a side that was fuzzy and detailed, and structured yet unpredictable. He thought about these things quietly, without producing any work. After he started looking, chaos seemed to be everywhere. A flag snaps back and forth in the wind. A dripping faucet changes from a steady pattern to a random one. A rising column of smoke disappears into random swirls. "Chaos breaks across the lines that separate scientific disciplines. Because it is a science of the global nature of systems, it has brought together thinkers from fields that have been widely separated.

Kildress

We have developed food waste profiles for 25 of our most frequently purchased food products. These profiles highlight the percentage of total food production wasted at every stage of the value chain. Below is a selection of these profiles and a summary of how we are tackling the food waste hotshots.Potatoes To reduce losses in the field and processing we are: Reviewing waste alongside customer preferences when selecting different potato varieties using satellite and aerial mapping technology to identify specific trends In lied losses ‘Introducing new technology to remove stones earlier In processing to reduce damage To help customers reduce food waste in the home we are reviewing opportunities for modified atmosphere packaging which could help the potatoes to last longer.Field losses 9%, Processing losses 6%, Retail waste 1%, Consumer waste 39% Illustration of potatoes Cheese To help reduce the amount of cheese our customers waste at home we have: Introduced re-sellable packagi ng on all British cheddar standardized the on-pack shelf life Information so that customers know, for example, that all soft and blue cheeses should be used within three days of opening Added recipes on our Real Food website to provide ways for customers to use up any leftover cheese Field losses 1%, Processing losses under 1%, Retail waste under 1%, Consumer waste Illustration of a cheese board Lamb transporting lamb to improve product quality and freshness. To increase shelf life for customers we are rolling out specialized packaging. This genealogy has been successfully introduced for beef, giving customers up to an extra five days to consume the product, and we hope it will have a similar impact for lamb. Field losses 7%, Processing losses 13%, Retail waste 1%, Consumer waste 5% Illustration of lamb Within the scope of KEMP Alp's limited assurance opinion see page 42 for more details. * Since we published our first five food waste profiles in October 2013, WRAP has published rev ised household food waste data which has been incorporated into our 25 food waste profiles.

Positioning and Communication

A large proportion of overweight people have been trying to lose their weight in every possible way. However, not every attempt was successful. Due to that, the pharmaceutical industry has been developing and testing a large variety of medicines that are specifically made to help people with weight issues. One of the newest drugs on the market is Metabical, a prescription drug developed by Cambridge Sciences Pharmaceuticals (CSP). Based on the results from clinical trials, Metabical has been proven effective for weight loss of overweight people.The question is how willMetabicalbe introduced to the market? PULL MARKETING The main idea was to advertise Metabical directly to consumers in order to increase the awareness of the product. This strategy was based on pull marketing where the purpose was to attract the customers and make them approach the supplier or seller tlrst It is not an assertive way ot marketing in comparison to push marketing where a seller calls potential customers on the telephone asking whether they would like to purchase a product they might not actually need.In 1997, the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) has reduced restrictions on direct-to-consumer-advertising concerning drugs. Therefore, the effect of the pull marketing was tremendously positive for the pharmaceutical industry. (Buckley 2003). It is also visible in a study made by Prevention magazine, where doctors whose patients came and asked for a medicine that they had previously seen being advertised, had the tendency to prescribe that same brand of medicine (even though they had different alternatives in mind). Following pull marketing, the strategy included: advertisements on the internet, television and radio.Moreover, print media was being distributed at the same time as the drug was being launched. This distributionwas continued in the same manner throughoutthe first year of the campaign in order to maintain the brand awareness on a high level. After the initial advertisement strategy, additional 100 000 health care pamphlets were distributed. These pamphletscontained a reply card which, if sent, would provide the sender with a sample of the product. The goal behind this campaign was to show the potential customers that Metabical is suitable for people belonging to the BMI range of 25-30.Body Mass index (BMI) is the most common index used for comparing weight and height. The calculations resents whether the weight is appropriate for the person's height. If the weight is not appropriate,the person can fall in the group of overweight or underfed (Tim J Cole 2000). As mentioned in the article, an abundanceof weight loss pills were made for obese or severely obese people. However, the group of people with the BMI ranging from 25-30 were not suitable for these pillswhich, consequently, did not have any effect on their weight loss.Additionally, CPS has developed a support programme which will not only help in weight reduction but also help maintaining the heal thy lifestyle. One of their key concepts in the campaign was: â€Å"Losing weight is tough. You don't have to do it alone. Let Metabical and your health care provider start you on the road to a healthy weight and better life. † Regarding the support programme, Printup has developed an online contest to attract more customers to buy theproduct and participate in the contest to win a prize. In this contest each user can Join in and compete with other users in reducing BMIs by the highest percentage.Not only Printup was making advertisements for consumers, she also developed a strategy to target medical community where advertisements were placed on online edical websites and also printed out in well-known medical Journals. Several events were organized especially for medical experts prior to the product launch, one of which was a roundtable discussion. In order to spread the word of the discussion, coverage of this event was done by leading news organizations.

Related Literature for Inventory System

OUTPUT 1st day/ Saturday Nov. 24, 2012 * Orientation of the students and student teachers and get the final list of official student 2nd day/ Saturday Dec. 1, 2012 * 1st checking the attendance of the students and separate them from (3 – 5),(6 – 8),(9 – 15) 3-5 goes to Carina, Mae and Malabunga 6-8 take in charged by Judith and Canaria while 9-15 handle by Battalier, Quientela and Berdin. 3nd day/ Saturday Dec. 8, 2012 * Teaching the students 4nd day/ Saturday Dec. 15, 2012 * Teaching the students 5nd day/ Saturday Dec. 22, 2012 * Teaching the students 6nd day/ Saturday Dec. 29, 2012 No classes because CWTS and LTS students went to Provincial Jail. 7nd day/ Saturday January 05, 2013 * (Delayed of Christmas Party) Christmas Party of the students was medyo delayed for some reasons. We prepared games, gift and some foods to share. 8nd day/ Saturday January 12, 2013 * Continue of teaching the students 9nd day/ Saturday January 19, 2013 * Teaching the students 10th da y/ Saturday January 26, 2013 * Teaching 11th day/ Saturday February 2, 2013 * Teaching 12th day/ Saturday February 9, 2013 * Teaching 13th day/ Saturday February 16, 2013 * Teaching 14th day/ Saturday February 23, 2013 * Teaching 15th day/ Saturday March 2, 2013 Teaching and finalizing the lessons that we teach and review all the lessons that we teach. And we all talked about their dismissal day in coming next Saturday. 16th day/ Saturday March 9, 2013 * Dismissal day/ party party, we dance and sing and also we eat and saying farewell to our beloved students. Official List of Students 3 – 5 + 0ne 16yrs old who doesn’t even know how to write or read NAMEAGE 1. Rose Anne S. Arciaga 5 2. Eunice Belsa 4 3. Rejhen Dishoso 3 4. Richell Dishoso 4 5. John Lorenz Escoto 3 6. Marian Escoto 4 7. Dale Ikawat 4 8. Marvin Escoto 5 9. Denise Roldan 16 10. Lyka Mae 5 11.John Mel 5 Teachers: Ms. Carina Mae D. Martillos Ms. May G. Abria Ms. Maida R. Malabunga 6 – 8 NAMEAGE 1. Kim N. Abasolo 7 2. Gelli Ann Bonita 6 3. Jillian Bonita 8 4. Defresa Keen Valie 7 5. Christian Ibais 7 6. Jackielyn N. Mallo 8 7. Marilyn Orubia 8 8. Don Edmon Palarca 7 9. Benjie Juares 8 Teachers: Ms. Judith Calajate Ms. Roselyn Canaria 9 – 15 NAMEAGE Female 1. Abasolo, Princess9 2. Beunavidez, Joy12 3. Dacio, Jenny9 4. Dishoso, Desiree9 5. Dishoso, Rosabel12 6. Francisco, Jessica13 7. Magdaog, April11 8. Nario, Jessa12 9. Orubia, Marinel11 10. Resuello, Francia15 11. Resuello, Jhamyca10 12. Romero, Julie Ann10Male 1. Francisco, Daryl A. 11 2. Gonzales, Bryan Paul9 3. Las Pinas, Phillipe Louis12 4. Magdaog, Jaypoy11 5. Rodriguez, Reymart11 6. Roldan, Ivan13 7. Soria, Dexter11 8. Soria, Mico11 9. Tomero, Jomar9 Teachers: Ms. Luningning Battalier Ms. Elleca Jane Berdin Ms. Krizzelle Joy Quientela 3rd / Saturday Duties Battalier prepared the Berdinsnacks Martillos stand as the teacher Abria assistant teacher Malabunga assistant teacher Calajate stand as the teacher Canaria assis tant teacher stand as the teacher assistant teacher Battalier Berdin Quientela 4th / Saturday Martillos prepared the snacksAbria assistant Martillos Teacher Abria assistant teacher Malabunga Calajate stand as the teacher Canaria assistant teacher Teacher Assistant teacher Battalier Berdin Quientela prepared the snacks 5th / Saturday Martillos Malabunga Martillos assistant teacher AbriaTeacher Malabunga assistant teacher Calajate Teacher Canaria Assistant Assistant Teacher Battalier Berdin Quientela 7th / Saturday Battalierprepared the foods Prepared the parlor games Martillos Abria Calajate Berdin Prepared the materials for the parlor games Quientela Canaria Malabunga

Brian Clark Whose Life Is It Anyway Essay

Exploring the ways in which Brian Clark makes the scene an important and dramatic moment in the play When talking about the important and dramatic scene in this play I refer back to pages 25-30. These six pages are all about a little encounter between Ken and Mrs Boyle. This is a fundamental scene in the marvellous play because Ken finally expresses his motives and feelings. Brian Clark uses many techniques to give the reader this valuable information through repetition, the use of speech (quite obvious, could be expected), stage directions and the form of text (Carmen figurate but then for texts). The stage direction supplies the reader with a lot of essential information. In the beginning just before Mrs Boyle enters the room Ken is supposedly happy. I know this because I quote; â€Å"(cheerfully), Doubt it Sister (pg. 25). I’m not even able to be death of myself. Because of he stage direction we can clearly see that Ken is in a positive mood. The interactions with Mrs Boyle start of with a friendly and respectful greeting to Ken, â€Å"Good Morning† (pg. 25). But through out this scene Ken changes his attitude and starts shouting and cursing. The main reason why he was shouting is because Ken dislikes the professionalism that goes on in the hospital. He dislikes it to a certain extent when it can be called hate. In this important scene Ken has mentioned that he doesn’t want to live on anymore with these conditions of the body, as he only wants to live if he can live a normal life. And a normal life would include living healthily with out the help of medical instruments. Brian Clark has made Ken use a certain amount of sarcasm and partly rhetorical questions to portray Ken to the reader as he is. The reader will most likely think that Ken Harrison is trying to outsmart people and sometimes he does achieve this. Such as; â€Å"What do you do? Conjuring tricks? Funny stories? Or a belly dance? If I have any choice, I’d prefer the belly dance. † Mrs Boyle: I’m afraid I’ve left my bikini at home. Ken: Who said anything about a bikini? He thinks outside of the box. He repeats the same kind of jokes. This can be funny for the reader but for Mrs Boyle and the other hospital staff it might be annoying on the long-term aspect. Also the joke about the ‘How to be a sculpture’ book is funny, but in the meantime its another moral definition. This joke tell us that one of his many reasons to die is because he cant do what he loves most, sculpturing. This is quite sad but you must think through each joke. Through out the whole play Clark portrays Ken as a sex addict who loves to flirt with the younger nurses but we (as a reader) find this ok because all have a weak spot for this funny paraplegic individual. He insults Mrs Boyle and the hospital staff multiple times in this short scene. Many of these curses are religion related but this is most likely just because of when this was written. The early 90’s this was very usual. Ken says Christ almighty, for god’s sake and other things. He must express his feelings in some way and since he can only move his head and speak he chooses, since its his only option, to let out his anger via the mouth. These words are all aimed towards Mrs Boyle’s professionalism and detachment. This makes Ken very angry and I understand his motives very well. His feelings are just being crushed and he feels ignored, so why continue living a life you don’t want to live? The main genre of this scene and play is the fight between personal choices versus professional opinions. The doctors claim the responsibility to keep him alive if he can (except for John, but he is not a â€Å"real† doctor). In conclusion Clark has successfully made this an important scene in the play. One of the main things was the moral of Ken’s actions.

Four Allied Leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Four Allied Leaders - Essay Example Only the strongest survived in the war, and for that reason most countries formed military units in used both their scientific, economic and industrial capability to rally behind their soldiers for support and defence. The principal antagonist were the Axis powers- Germany, Italy, and Japan- and the Allies- France, great Britain, the united states, the soviet union, and to a lesser extent china. A German dictator Adolf Hitler wanted to invade and occupy Poland. But Poland had been assured military support from French and British should it be attacked by Germany. Hitler therefore needed to neutralize the possibility of resistance from the Soviet Union (Laver & Matthews, 2008). They engaged in negotiations that led to the signing a treaty to divide Poland between them, with the western third of the country going to Germany and the two- thirds being taken by the U.S.S.R. he become sure to invade Poland without interference from soviet or British. Hitler ignored the diplomatic efforts th at were put to stop him, instead he ordered invasion. As a result, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany respectively. That marked the beginning of World War II that proclaimed lives, destruction and lose of property. Different Allies of World War II were formed by countries that were against to the Axis powers. Their main aim was to advance alliances as seeking to stop wars of aggression being waged by the Western and Eastern powers associated with the Axis (Laver & Matthews, 2008). The first one was anti-Germany coalition (France, Poland, United Kingdom, and British Commonwealth), â€Å"the big three â€Å"(Britain, the Soviet Union and United States) and the United Nations. These alliances had different leaders who contributed greatly to the World War II in a number of ways. In August 1940, Reinhardt Heydrich was appointed and served as president of Interpol. He was the one who was in charge of the Wannsee Conference, where all plans they come up with the idea of dep orting and excommunicating all Jews in Germany occupied territory therefore he was seen as the father of holocaust, and organized co-ordinate a number of attacks against the Jews (Ramen, 2001). He is regarded as the darkest figure within the Nazi elite; Adolf Hitler is remembered to have referred to him as ‘The man with the iron heart† because of his evil acts that only was aimed at loosing lives of innocent citizens. Heydrich is remembered to be the founding head of intelligence organization that was charged with the responsibility of seeking out and neutralizing resistance to the Nazi Party via arrests, detentions as well as killing. Heydrich acted as the protector of the industrial workers and farmers, whose productive capacity was necessary to the German war effort. This not only helped in the bid to win in an event of war, but also it ensured the Germany economy was boosted. Since the war, he was the man who felt it was his duty â€Å"to save the world from intelle ctual and moral decay†. After his assassination, his monument was erected in his owner. Another key personality in the World War II is Hideki Tojo. He was Japanese Prime Minister during the World War II; he led Japan through the war and was later executed as a war criminal. He was an esteemed administrator and skillful field commander and become noted as a stern disciplinarian. Hideki fought in the Sino-Japanese war, leading

Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Activities - Essay Example However, lack of eye contact might show a real disinterest which would make the person presenting or discussing change strategies to keep their attention. A person needs to know the differences between all of these verbal and non-verbal cues to create a strategy for effective conversation or presentation. Emotional intelligence is important because it helps a person understand their own feelings and also the feelings of others. This helps the group member keep self-control and not act on their negative emotions which can be a turn off from others in the group. It also shows others in the group that you have empathy for their needs and gives you a strategy to talk on their level to gain more interest and willingness to follow. Emotions create social connection. When a person wants to be a team leader, they cannot be explosive when angry or overly excited if they want a positive follower response. In reflection, I learned a great deal about my personality. I often dismiss the words of others when I feel strongly about a certain issue or activity. This is because I have a great deal of trust in my own decision-making and I often do not like to work in groups because of this. However, I learned that active listening actually provides more diversity of solutions or quality discussion when the group leader gives people opportunities to speak their minds. This will be beneficial because people like to share in decision-making and be recognized for their own talents and knowledge. I will remember to be an active listener when in a leader role so that I gain more commitment and better social relationships with a mutual and shared focus. The most important lesson learned was about emotional intelligence. Many people have their own sets of values and principles that are unique from others. These attitudes impact behavior, discussion and the amount of conflict that can arise in the group or team. It is important to understand that people

Public speaking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Public speaking - Assignment Example The third strength that I possess is coherency and fluency in speech. This makes me to present my ideas clearly in a way that the audience will understand and enjoy (Jaffe, 2013). It indicates that I am professional in my field and I know what I am doing. There are also weaknesses that I need to improve on. First, I always get tired easily. I can give a public speech for 2-3 hours and after that I lose energy to go on with my speech. In order to address all issues involved in my speech, I need to develop more energy to provide my speech strongly and consistently until the end (Jaffe, 2013). My second weakness is that I like providing a lot of information which may burden the audience and fail to capture all the ideas I present. I need to improve on this and be straight to the point. The effective speaker I know is a youth leader in my town. What makes him an effective speaker is his deliver style. He always makes a good eye contact with the audience and uses a good tone that everyone enjoys. He also tells stories clearly in an exciting manner. Furthermore, he connects with his audience and engages them in his speech. He understands the needs of his audience and addresses them well. He influences the people around him by being empathetic; putting himself in their shoes and tells them what he things they wish to hear. He has good negotiation skills including good listening to understand and influence his

Health Care Administration Autobiographical Statement Essay

Health Care Administration Autobiographical Statement - Essay Example In my view, a health administrator must be eager to learn and strive to improve themselves at all times, have good listening skills, and be understanding with no prejudice. I believe that I do possess the above qualities and will endeavor to understand more of diseases, as well as of the organization, financing and delivery of healthcare. It is these and other reasons that I chose to apply for a Masters degree in Health Care Administration. Since I do not wish to work in the traditional business environment, my interests are inclined towards planning, financing, directing, coordinating, managing and evaluating healthcare services. I look forward to work in such agencies as hospitals, ambulatory care facilities, long-term health maintenance facilities, wellness centers, health and mental health agencies among other healthcare facilities. I do enjoy working with people thus the choice of my career path. It is for this reason that I would not mind to be either a generalist or specialist type of health care administrator. Studential.com (1) defines a generalist as one who manages the entire health care facility while a specialist ensures that operations of a specific department are efficiently carried out. Healthcare is a profession for life. Upon studying heath sciences, I believe that it can easily influence the way an individual perceives the world around him or her. This includes how the individual thinks and acts under normal day

Is apple iPhone really worth buying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Is apple iPhone really worth buying - Essay Example 2. Procedure In order to gather information for this report the method used was the review of books from academic libraries, online journals, newspaper articles and reviews given on IPhone and competing mobile devices. This is the most appropriate method bearing in mind the smart phone industry is very dynamic and the internet is the only reliable source of up to date information. Moreover, there being little time to carry out a primary research and the high expenses associated with it, literature review was the most appropriate secondary research method. 3. Introduction on IPhone Inc In 2007, Apple, under the leadership of Steve jobs introduced the IPhone which turned out to be one of the most revolutionary mobile gadgets of the century, over the course of the next two years; the IPhone 3G was also launched into the smartphone market (Richie, 2013). The devices offered better technology at significantly reduced prices and effectively took command of the huge portion of the smart pho ne market beginning the smart phone revolution that persist to-date. The smart phone evolution was taken up a level higher by the subsequent introduction of the IPhone 4 and 5 and Apple currently ranks as the second biggest producer and market of smartphones globally. The initial smart phone cost $499 and although the debut price was considerably high, it was not the priciest phone on the market and it cost substantially less than some of the older but less developed mobile device on the market. However, this price proved too high to penetrate the mainstream market and as a result, the phones were mostly limited to an upper and middle class corporate and personal clientele. The second IPhone flagship model was the IPhone 4 series that offered significant improvements from the earlier 3G, and through it Apple introduced optical lamination, an interplane switching effectively scaled over the matching display sizes offered by the completion (Richie, 2013). Despite the challenges the de vice faced in the marketing as well as some technical difficulties, it was stated as the best smart phone ever by many. The latest model of IPhone, IPhone 5 was introduced in 2012 September (William 2013), and it was bigger smarter, lighter faster and the firm had used the experience from the glitches in previous IPhones to make the new one as flawless as possible. Customers received it enthusiastically and although its sales did not match rival Samsung galaxy III, they still performed considerably well on selling their phone (Gruman 2012). 4. Challenges facing the IPhone 4.1 Radical and Regular Upgrades Apple releases a new IPhone every year but despite that, many customers do not upgrade, but a significant number of customers have retained their IPhone 4 models owing to economic or speculative reasons (Swift 2010). Therefore, this problem is likely to keep affecting many of the firm’s clients and when they decide to make a shift, they may opt to buy a phone from a different firm such as Samsung or Microsoft. Apple customers often have to struggle to catch up with the firm’s rapid and on occasion drastic hardware upgrades (Associated Press 2013). Apples upgrades vary form one model to the other; however sometimes, the changes can be very subtle such that the newer is only slightly different or

Prospective Maltese Workers and Trade Union Values Literature review

Prospective Maltese Workers and Trade Union Values - Literature review Example Until 1964, Malta was under the colonial rule of the British Empire, and it is for this reason, that its trade union values even after gaining independence, tend to reflect the rules and values of UK. At present, Malta has one of the world’s highest national union membership densities, though without any regional distinctions, of a specific type. This is largely owing to the fact that the small size of the country and the associated membership base, have led most of the Maltese trade unions to feel that affiliations to a confederate structure, are not essential. The chief religion of the state, the Roman Catholic Church, also plays a major source of inspiration for the functioning of the various trade union organisations in this country. In this context, we will first examine the trade unions in general, their values, and relevance in the modern labour market scenario. 1.1 What are Trade unions, their values, and relevance in the modern industrial relations â€Å"Trade union means any organisation, whose membership consists of employees, which seek to organise and represent their interest birth in the workplace and society and, in particular, seeks to regulate their employment relationship through the direct process of collective bargaining with management† (Salaman, 1987). ... This kind of an alliance, which is based on social partnership values, have helped in the creation of a new dimension in the study of industrial relationships, which has made it possible for starting â€Å"social dialogue[s], and [forging] cooperative relationships between employers and unions† (McLaughlin, 2007, 9). The members in the social partnerships, within industrial relations, define and identify their own requirements within the framework of their democratic structures and elected heads, which are based on the nature of the specific problems that they face in their country of operation. These requirements must necessarily portray the scheme, preferences, and orientations of the members, which form a part of the social partnership values. Within trade union values, partnership aspires to be a â€Å"relationship of equals, based on mutual respect, trust and understanding, where diversity and differences are recognised and accepted† (ibid). A look at the Trade Uni on Principles within the Madrid charter (final) shows us that trade unions accept partnerships as ‘two-way’ alliance which is also a learning experience for all the concerned parties. Partnership is founded on resolutions for the preservation of solidarity and inter-organisational cooperation, and is based on values that are stable and mutual, while its functional principles relate to the safeguarding of the rights of employees, and the democratic organisations that represent these employees. According to the trade union values, when these organisations have access to public or government resources, they become accountable to the general public. In such

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Lavandula angustifolia Essay

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Lavandula angustifolia - Essay Example The reason for which this research was carried out was the ancient belief that the herb Lavender angustifolia possessed the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. There have been mixed conclusions in the scientific history that support the hypothesis. Experiments have been carried out both in vitro and in vivo. Majority of them support the findings of the article, which confirms the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the plant. In vitro data suggests that Eugenol, which is a small constituent in the lavender oils, has topical anesthetic effects (Catherine and Kathi, 2001). Tests conducted on animals suggest that linalyl acetate and linalool constituents in angustifolia showed significant local anesthetic effect. It also increased the number of stimuli needed to provoke palpebral closure in a dose dependant manner (Catherine and Kathi, 2001). Experiments conducted on human beings, however, have shown mixed results in relieving pain. In an experiment hospitalized children infected with HIV were given a massage of Lavender angustifolia. It was noted that the massage decreased the need for analgesic medication and relieved the continuous pain of some of the children completely (Styles, 1997). In a randomized control clinical trial conducted on 100 patients in a Critical Care Unit, the massage of lavender oil reduced the pain of the patients by 50%. 90% reduction in the heart rate was also reported by the participating patients (Woolfson and Hewitt, 1992).

IBM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IBM - Assignment Example According to this case, IBM needed to make necessary changes in order to survive on the market. (p. 2) All other decisions related to this basic idea, such as speeding up the cycle of product development, integrating IBM as global organization, and simplifying the process for the customer fall under it. 2. In order to make those decisions IBM needs to undergo certain processes. They include the following: finance, human resources, customer relationship management, incorporated supply chain, and incorporated product development. Naturally, one area of organization always requires more attention than the others, and in this case it is Personal System Group who had the major problem with the supply. It is recognized that this area needs to be properly taken care of, because it is equally important to overall success of IBM as its any other part. In fact, given that Personal System Group is a computer manufacturer its role in IBM is integral. 3. Implementation of an integrated system sug gests that IBM will benefit out of it, because it will resolve an issue it currently faces; an issue of plants working as an independant units rather than one single unit. However, certain risks of doing this have to be taken into account. The time and complexity of the process could potentialy be problematic, given that not all the plants are on the same page.

Chilean Copper Mine Collapse Essay Example for Free

Chilean Copper Mine Collapse Essay August 5 at the San Esteban mine, near the city of Copiapo, Chile 34 miners have been missing and presumed trapped after a collapse of the main shaft. At this time it is uncertain of the extent of injuries after the collapse. The Minera San Estaban Primera company; owners of the San Esteban mine have stated mining accidents on a major scale are uncommon in Chile and hopes are high that all the 34 workers made it to the refuge area where supplies are located. Rescuers are underway in hopes of locating all 34 workers alive. The primary method for rescue is drilling holes in an attempt to locate the workers. There are concerns about the amount of oxygen at this depth approximately 100 meters below the surface. With a drilled hole into the shaft where miners are believed to be; needed supplies may be delivered until a full rescue can be attempted. I believe a report more in line with what I wrote about would have been a far more positive way of delivering a hard message to concerned family members, coworkers at the mine, and all humans with concern for these miners. In our text a quote was found from Ralph Nichols. The most basic of all human needs is the need to understand and be understood. The best way to understand people is to listen to them. † If the owners of the mining company had listened to the concerns of the family members a more positive method of communicating the situation and tactics that may be utilized to save these workers. If the San Jose mine owners had attempted to use a central idea and main points while informing the media of their intentions many of the angry family members who received little or no information would not have been as quick to call for safety records. The use of visual support to quickly let the audience know that the company and rescue team was at least working on plan would have been very helpful in easing the minds of the audience. Early in the incident the company gave almost no information to the media or family. A crude outline of the events would have been an improvement in the communication process over the lack of communication displayed early on. A plan of action displayed for the world to see has great value here. Had the company used the fact form of persuasion to deliver a message to concerned audience members many of the family members may have been put at ease somewhat. Had the company stated that Chile had very few major mining incidents in its history this could have went very far to improve the relationship with the media and concerned onlookers. Explaining that supplies would be provided for the duration of this event and these workers would not be abandoned even if it was implied would have been very valuable. The use of value in this communication process letting everyone know that the miners were indeed valued by this company and all that could be done would be done surely would have been a positive and assisted all parties involved. Obviously to discuss policy and or procedures for mine collapse would have persuaded the audience of the company’s determination to do the right thing. This also eases the audiences mind that the company has plans in place prior to an incident. The company did not do any of these things early in the emergency. If the company could have simply stated their intentions to fix this problem and improve operations in the future many of their mistakes could have been forgiven. It may not have been possible early on to discuss the intentions to keep the mine open, if it could have this would have reinforced to everyone that the company would be here throughout the incident and beyond. As many of us know the incident took 70 days to complete and the miners were delivered supplies through a small tube for the duration. Although this story has a heroic and happy outcome; the first few days of the incident was hell for onlookers. Watching video from the incident probably would indicate a need for better nonverbal communications by the mine owners. Neither nonverbal communication, semantics, nor syntax would have changed the family’s grief in the beginning nearly as much as the lack of communication did affect them negatively.

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Mutants

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Mutants GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) MUTANTS WITH ALTERED FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY AND EMMISSION SPECTRA Introduction: Now-a-days GFP is creating revolution in the field of science by its applications and properties.GFP is a stable protein extracted from the photo organs of the jellyfish Aequoria victoria by Shimomura et al in 1962. In 1992 the cloning of GFP has done. It is found in a variety of coelenterates (both hydrozoa and anthozoa) and it emits light by utilising energy from the Ca2+ activated photoprotein aequorin [1]. Energy transfer and the emission spectra of GFP can be affected by dimerization. Structure of GFP is cylindrical ÃŽ ²-can structure and has a chromophore located centrally. The chromophore is responsible for the fluorescence and the formation is independent of species but mainly depends on oxygen. GFP is a small protein and has been made up of 238 amino acids. Deletion of any seven amino acids either from C-terminus or N-terminus may result in the loss of fluorescence. Amino acid replacement is responsible for the change in colours of GFP. It has a molecular weight of 27 KDa an d has an absorption range at 488 nm and an emission range at 509 nm. It can accomplish high temperatures (65 ÌŠc) and basic PH range of 6-12 [2]. Increase in PH results in the decrease of fluorescence. Increase in the fluorescence and photo stability can be achieved by single point mutation at S65T. Fluorophore of the GFP is generated by using auto-catalytic process of continuous mechanisms. Visible excitation is one of the optical properties of GFP. Its derivatives are produced from the mutagenesis experiments like random and directed mutagenesis [3]. GFP is majorly used as a reporter in expressing genes. Protein and chromophore folding also constitutes as a major advantage of GFP. It can also be used in protein fusion by applying recombinant DNA technology. Aim of this research is to analyze properties of GFP by cloning, mutations, expression of proteins and purification. Objectives of this research are to sub-clone GFP into a vector and mutations are carried out by various mutagenesis experiments followed by expression of proteins and purification. Finally after purification properties are analyzed. Materials and methods: Initially DNA is isolated and GFPuv is sub-cloned into the pET28c vector from pET23 plasmid by speectrophotometric analysis. 5 µg of pET23GFPuv DNA is digested by using NdeI and HindIII restriction enzymes. And the digests are analysed by using Agarose gel electrophoresis. GFP fragment is extracted and purified using QIA quick gel extraction kit from QIAGEN and the recovered DNA is estimated. Recombinant protein is expressed in E.coli by ligation and transformation. To confirm the presence of GFP in the pET28c plasmid, colony PCR is used. Further mutagenesis experiments are carried out by designing oligonucleotide primers which will alter the spectral properties of the protein. Complementary primers containing same mutations are generated. Mutagenic primers are prepared with a melting temperature of ≠¥ 78 ºC, length between 25 and 45 bases and primers longer than 45 bases are generally used. Introduction and identification of mutations within GFPuv gene: Mutations are created in the GFPuv insert by site-directed mutagenesis Site-directed mutagenesis: 5 µl 10 x PCR buffer 5 µl 20 mM dNTP mixes 15 ng GFPuv-pET28c template DNA 125ng oligonucleotide primer F+ 125ng oligonucleotide primer R+ 2 µl 25mM MgSo4 32 µl sterile water 1 µl KOD hot start polymerase (1U/ µl) * All the above are added to 0.2ml PCR tubes and incubated in a PCR machine for 24 cycles: 94 ºC 30s 94 ºC 30s 55 ºC 1min 68 ºC 4min 20s 68 ºC 10 min * Reaction is then kept on ice for 2 min and 1 µl (1U) of Dpn1 is added and incubated for 60 min at 37 ºC Alignment of amino acid sequences is carried out using: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw2/index.html Product of site-directed mutagenesis (pET28c DNA) is transformed into XL-1 supercompetent cells. Transformed colonies are extracted using QIAprep Mini prep kit Qiagen [5]. Concentration and purity can be checked by using Agarose gel electrophoresis. For this 5 µl of plasmid preparation and 10U HindIII are digested at 37 ºC for 1h. Sequencing is then carried out by using 10 µl of DNA at a concentration of 50ng/ µl. E.coli BL21 (DE3) cells are prepared and are transformed into the pET28cGFPuv plasmid for expression Auto-induction method: Wild type protein (GFPuv) and the mutant protein are expressed in the expression vector [BL21 (DE3)] using auto-induction method. For this transformed colonies are inoculated into 3ml of LB-1D + antibiotic media and incubated at 37 ºC at 300 RPM for 6 hrs and O.D is taken. Inoculum is taken into the flask containing SB-5052 auto-induction medium along with antibiotic and incubated at 28 ºC at 300 RPM for 20 hrs. Cultures are then cooled for 1 hr. Total induced sample is prepared by taking 100 µl of cooling culture and 900 µl of SB-5052 media. Cells are then pelletized by centrifuging it with both total induced and non-induced samples and are resuspended in 100 µl of SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE)) sample buffer. 12% of polyacrylamide gel is prepared and the Soluble and insoluble samples are prepared by cell fractionation using BUGBUSTER. For this 1 µl of DNAase1 is used along with reagents. Cell suspension is then centrifuged at 13000rpm for 20mins. Supernatant is then used as soluble sample and insoluble is prepared by resuspending the pellet in 2ml binding buffer. SDS-PAGE buffer and binding buffer are added to the soluble and insoluble fractions. At 95 ºC all samples are heated for 5 min. Gel is then loaded as: Molecular weight standard-5 µl Uninduced sample 5 µl Induced total sample 5 µl Soluble sample 5 µl Gel has to run for 1 hr. And is transfered to a box of Coomassie blue stain. Western blotting: GFP protein presence can be verified using western blotting technique. Protein samples are first seperated by SDS-PAGE and are transferred to the nitrocellulose membrane. GFP bound to nitrocellulose membrane is then visualised by incubating the blot with His-probe which is linked to a HRP (horse radish peroxidase) enzyme (HisprobeTM-HRP solution is diluted to 1:5000 (1 µl in 5ml) ). His-tag of GFP protein is bound to probe. Blots are kept in TBST and probes and thus probes are visualised by chemiluminescence and these are photographed by chemiluminescent reader. Ni-NTA chromatography: His tagged GFP can be purified by Ni-NTA (nickel nitrilo triacetic acid) chromatography method. In this, sample of soluble protein is loaded on column packed agarose resin and the non-specific protein binding is removed by washing resin with buffer and is eluted by high concentrated imidazole of elution buffer. After elution the purification of protein is done by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie staining. The concentration of the protein is measured by Bradford assay. Fluorimetry and mass spectrometry: Properties of GFPuv protein are analysed by Fluorimetry and mass spectroscopy. Fluorimetry: In this wavelength and intensity of a molecule at specific wavelength are measured using fluorimeters. Perkin Elmer LS50B is the fluorimeter used to measure GFP. Quartz cuvettes are placed in a chamber to measure the concentration and intensity. The parameters set to measure GFP are: Excitation 440nm Emission 460-550nm Slit widths 4 and 4 Accumulation 5 20 µg/ml of protein concentration is used. The emission and excitor wavelengths are set at 509nm and 395nm. Mass spectrometry: GFPuv properties and molecular mass can be analysed by mass spectroscopy. The type of mass spectroscopy used here is electron spray ionization (ESI). ESI is a type of atmospheric pressure ionisation technique (API) which is used for biochemical analysis. JEOL HX110/HX110A equipped with electron ion source tandem mass spectrometers are used to analyse structural properties [7]. 1-10 pmol/ µl of protein concentration is used. Solvents used are: MeOH MeCN TFA During ionisation sample is dissolved in a solvent and is pumped through a steel capillary at a rate of 1 µl/min and voltage of 3 or 4KV is applied [8]. Ion current is amplified by the detector and the data system will record signals in the form of mass spectrum. RESULTS: Site-directed mutagenesis: Primers used for site directed mutagenesis (Mutant) Forward primer: 5-CACTTGTCACTACTTTCTCTTGGGGTGTTCAATGCTTTTCC-3 Reverse primer: 5-GGAAAAGCATTGAACACCCCAAGAGAAAGTAGTGACAAGTG-3 Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the mutant with the GFPuv amino acid sequence GFPuv MSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATYGKLTLKFICTTGKLPVPWPTL 60 mGFPuv MSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATYGKLTLKFICTTGKLPVPWPTL 60 ************************************************************ GFPuv VTTFSYGVQCFSRYPDHMKRHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTISFKDDGNYKTRAEVKFEGDTLV 120 mGFPuv VTTFSWGVQCFSRYPDHMKRHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTISFKDDGNYKTRAEVKFEGDTLV 120 *****:****************************************************** Y66W GFPuv NRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYNSHNVYITADKQKNGIKANFKIRHNIEDGSVQLAD 180 mGFPuv NRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYNSHNVYITADKQKNGIKANFKIRHNIEDGSVQLAD 180 ************************************************************ GFPuv HYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSALSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVTAAGITHGMDELYK- 238 mGFPuv HYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSALSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVTAAGITHGMDELYK- 238 ********************************************************** Amino acid substitution: Y66W Belongs to Class 5, indole in chromophore (cyan fluorescent proteins) [6] eCFP CATATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAACTTTTCACTGGAGTTGTCCCAATTCTTGTTGAATTAGAT 60 GFP ATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAACTTTTCACTGGAGTTGTCCCAATTCTTGTTGAATTAGAT 57 ********************************************************* eCFP GGTGATGTTAATGGGCACAAATTTTCTGTCAGTGGAGAGGGTGAAGGTGATGCAACATAC 120 GFP GGTGATGTTAATGGGCACAAATTTTCTGTCAGTGGAGAGGGTGAAGGTGATGCAACATAC 117 ************************************************************ eCFP GGAAAACTTACCCTTAAATTTATTTGCACTACTGGAAAACTACCTGTTCCATGGCCAACA 180 GFP GGAAAACTTACCCTTAAATTTATTTGCACTACTGGAAAACTACCTGTTCCATGGCCAACA 177 ************************************************************ eCFP CTTGTCACTACTTTCTCTTGGGGTGTTCAATGCTTTTCCCGTTATCCGGATCACATGAAA 240 GFP CTTGTCACTACTTTCTCTTATGGTGTTCAATGCTTTTCCCGTTATCCGGATCATATGAAA 237 ******************* ******************************** ****** Mutation eCFP CGGCATGACTTTTTCAAGAGTGCCATGCCCGAAGGTTATGTACAGGAACGCACTATATCT 300 GFP CGGCATGACTTTTTCAAGAGTGCCATGCCCGAAGGTTATGTACAGGAACGCACTATATCT 297 ************************************************************ eCFP TTCAAAGATGACGGGAACTACAAGACGCGTGCTGAAGTCAAGTTTGAAGGTGATACCCTT 360 GFP TTCAAAGATGACGGGAACTACAAGACGCGTGCTGAAGTCAAGTTTGAAGGTGATACCCTT 357 ************************************************************ eCFP GTTAATCGTATCGAGTTAAAAGGTATTGATTTTAAAGAAGATGGAAACATTCTCGGACAC 420 GFP GTTAATCGTATCGAGTTAAAAGGTATTGATTTTAAAGAAGATGGAAACATTCTCGGACAC 417 ************************************************************ eCFP AAACTCGAGTACAACTATAACTCACACAATGTATACATCACGGCAGACAAACAAAAGAAT 480 GFP AAACTCGAGTACAACTATAACTCACACAATGTATACATCACGGCAGACAAACAAAAGAAT 477 ************************************************************ eCFP GGAATCAAAGCT 492 GFP GGAATCAAAGCTAACTTCAAAATTCGCCACAACATTGAAGATGGATCCGTTCAACTAGCA 537 ************ eCFP GFP GACCATTATCAACAAAATACTCCAATTGGCGATGGCCCTGTCCTTTTACCAGACAACCAT 597 eCFP GFP TACCTGTCGACACAATCTGCCCTTTCGAAAGATCCCAACGAAAAGCGTGACCACATGGTC 657 eCFP GFP CTTCTTGAGTTTGTAACTGCTGCTGGGATTACACATGGCATGGATGAGCTCTACAAATAA 717 SDS-PAGE : Coomassie staining gel of (Sample 6): Marker GFP protein (soluble sample) Western blotting (Sample 11): Induced total sample GFP protein Ni-NTA chromatography: Fluorimetry: Mass spectrometry: Wild-type: Mutant: Discussion: Site-directed mutagenesis: In the site-directed mutagenesis mutation is carried out at the right place i.e., at 197 and 198 places. Tyrosine (TAT) is mutated to tryptophan (TGG), Y W. During this mutation protein undergoes many changes especially in the fluorescence. GFP turns into CFP (Cyan fluorescent protein) hence the light emitted will not be exactly green. CFP will have many peculiar features like rather than single excitation and emission peaks it possess double humping. Tag CFP possess some properties like: Structure monomer Molecular weight 27KDa Polypeptide length 239aa Fluorescence colour Cyan Maximum excitation 458nm Maximum emission 480nm Excitation coefficient 37000M-1 cm-1 Pka 4.7 Quantum yield 0.57 Brightness 21.1 Brightness is produced by the quantum yield and extinction coefficient. Dual colour visualisation of the protein expressed is enabled by the CFP. This has led to the Fluorescence Resonance Energy Development (FRET). SDS-PAGE: SDS-PAGE is carried out to separate proteins according to their electrophoretic mobility and experimental repeats will result in the purity assessment of the protein. Four wells are loaded with samples and 2 and 4 wells show protein result and as 1 and 3 wells dont contain protein they will be normal without any bands. Results shows that little amount of GFP has been observed in the insoluble and large amount of protein has been observed in the soluble sample. Uninduced sample cannot find GFP. Western-blotting: Western-blot is performed to make sure the presence of protein. Histidine tagged probe is added to confirm the protein present was GFP or not. pET28c plasmid contains T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. But this promoter is blocked by the repressor. Hence lactose containing medium is required for E.coli growth. Because lactose is used as carbon source, glucose is converted into allolactose. This allolactose will bind to repressor by unblocking promoter, and expresses GFP. Hence presence of glucose will result in Lac-I and is binds to the operator. Band observed in the blot is probably GFP and it has high level of intensity after induction. And it is necessary to confirm this by performing blotting technique using His probe to detect His tagged GFP. Bands are observed in the induced and soluble samples after performing western blotting confirming the presence of GFP. Ni-NTA chromatography: Purification of GFP can be done by Ni-NTA chromatography. For a recombinant protein the amino acid binding site with 6 or more His residues in a row acts as metal binding site. So hexa-his sequence is called as His-tag. His-tag sequence is present in the N-terminal of the target protein and is located in the promoter region adjacently to the GFP gene. During this process enzyme HRP is also bound to the probe. This HRP-probe will react with luminal 4 peroxidase buffer which is further used for purifying GFP by Ni-NTA chromatography. Purification by His-tagged GFP can be done by using several methods like Ni2+-poly (2 acetomidoacrylic acid) hydrogel. Displacement of GFP can be done by binding nickel to imidazole. This is mainly because of high affinity of nickel towards imidazole compared to GFP.Distinctive bands are supposed to observe in the elute1, elute 2 and also in the total soluble fraction. Bands formed states the presence of the GFP mutant. Absence of the bands states mutant a bsence. In the results bands are observed at the total induced and the soluble samples which state the protein presence. Even small amounts of bands are also observed in the insoluble sample. GFP protein produced in the induced total sample is approximately at 27KDa. Slight bands are observed in the insoluble sample as it may be because of some impurities. Finally the GFP protein has been detected. 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